The present invention relates to an organic electronic device comprising an anode layer, a cathode layer, at least one emission layer (EML) and at least one hole injection layer (HIL), wherein the hole injection layer is arranged between the anode layer and the at least one emission layer.

Metal oxide particles have p-type semiconductivity. The metal oxide particles have a volume-based particle size distribution having a first local maximum value and a second local maximum value. The first local maximum value is in a range of 0.1 μm or more and less than 5 μm, and the second local maximum value is in a range of 5 μm or more and less than 50 μm. A ratio of the second local maximum value to the first local maximum value is 0.5 or more and less than 2.0. 99% by volume or more of the metal oxide particles have a particle diameter in a range of from 0.1 to 50 μm.

An organic electroluminescence device (1) includes an anode (3), a cathode (4), and an emitting layer disposed between the anode (3) and the cathode (4). The emitting layer includes a first emitting layer (51) and a second emitting layer (52). The first emitting layer (51) contains, as a first host material, a first compound that has at least one group represented by a formula (11) below and that is represented by a formula (1) below, where at least one of R.sub.101 to R.sub.112 is a group represented by the formula (11). The second emitting layer (52) contains a second compound represented by a formula (2) below as a second host material,

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The present invention relates to a polycyclic aromatic derivative compound and an organic light-emitting device having high efficiency and long lifespan, the device applying the compound in various organic layers so as to remarkably improve luminous efficiency. According to the invention, an organic light-emitting device having high efficiency and long lifespan and having remarkably improved luminous efficiency can be implemented, and thus can be industrially useful in various display devices and lighting devices.

Electro-optic modulators and related devices and methods. The method includes forming a silicon dioxide layer on a silicon substrate. The method includes forming a doped silicon layer in or on the silicon dioxide layer. The method includes forming alternating layers of functional transition metal oxides (TMOs) on the doped silicon layer. Design parameters can be optimized to create realizable devices that minimize the energy consumption of, for example, a SrTiO.sub.3/LaAlO.sub.3 electro-optic modulator while maximizing electro-optic performance (e.g., modulation energies on the order of tens of pJ/bit).

Electro-optic modulators and related devices and methods. The method includes forming a silicon dioxide layer on a silicon substrate. The method includes forming a doped silicon layer in or on the silicon dioxide layer. The method includes forming alternating layers of functional transition metal oxides (TMOs) on the doped silicon layer. Design parameters can be optimized to create realizable devices that minimize the energy consumption of, for example, a SrTiO.sub.3/LaAlO.sub.3 electro-optic modulator while maximizing electro-optic performance (e.g., modulation energies on the order of tens of pJ/bit).

An organic electroluminescence device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the emission layer includes a fused polycyclic compound represented by Formula 1, and thus the organic electroluminescence device may exhibit increased luminous efficiency.

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A compound having the structure of Formula I,

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is provided. In Formula I, M is Pt or Pd; moieties A, B, C, and D are each monocyclic or multicyclic ring system; K.sup.1, K.sup.2, K.sup.3, and K.sup.4 are selected from a direct bond, O, S, and Se; when present, each of L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, and L.sup.4 is a direct bond or a linker; at least three of L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, and L.sup.4 are present; and the compound comprises at least one structure

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Formulations, OLEDs and consumer products containing the compound are also provided.

A light emitting element includes a first electrode, a hole transport region disposed on the first electrode, an emission layer disposed on the hole transport region, an electron transport region disposed on the emission layer, and a second electrode disposed on the electron transport region, wherein the hole transport region includes a first hole transport layer disposed adjacent to the first electrode and including a first amine compound having a first refractive index, a second hole transport layer disposed between the first hole transport layer and the emission layer, and including a second amine compound having a second refractive index greater than the first refractive index, and a third hole transport layer disposed between the second hole transport layer and the emission layer, and including a third amine compound having a third refractive index less than the second refractive index, thereby having high luminous efficiency.

A light emitting element according to an embodiment includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed on the first electrode, an emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a double buffer layer including a first layer disposed on the emission layer and a second layer disposed on the first layer. The first layer includes a first compound, the second layer includes a second compound which is different from the first compound, and the first compound and the second compound are each independently represented by Formula 1 or Formula 2, thereby contributing to increased efficiency and increased life of a light emitting element.

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