A light-emitting element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a light-emitting layer, a hole injection layer provided between the first electrode and the light-emitting layer, and a hole transport layer provided between the hole injection layer and the light-emitting layer, wherein an insulator layer is provided between the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer. The hole injection layer, the insulator layer, and the hole transport layer each include a compound including one or more types of a cation and one or more types of an anion, the anion includes a group 15 or group 16 element of the periodic table, and an average oxidation number of cations in the insulator layer is greater than an average oxidation number of cations in the hole transport layer and less than an average oxidation number of cations in the hole injection layer.