A pressing sensor is provided that generates an output voltage of a first polarity by deforming with an operation plate when a part of a user's body touches the operation plate, and generates the output voltage of a second polarity by deforming with the operation plate when the part of the user's body is moved away from the operation plate. Moreover, a calculation unit calculates an electrical parameter integral value by time-integrating an electrical parameter that changes with the output voltage generated by the pressing sensor. The electrical parameter has a third polarity when the output voltage has the first polarity and has a fourth polarity when the output voltage has the second polarity. The calculation unit calculates a subtraction electrical parameter integral value obtained by subtracting a predetermined value having the third polarity per unit time from the electrical parameter integral value.

An energy conversion device for conversion of various energy forms into electricity. The energy forms may be chemical, photovoltaic or thermal gradients. The energy conversion device has a first and second electrode. A substrate is present that has a porous semiconductor or dielectric layer placed thereover. The substrate itself can be planar, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional, and possess internal and external surfaces. These substrates may be rigid, flexible and/or foldable. The porous semiconductor or dielectric layer can be a nano-engineered structure. A porous conductor material is placed on at least a portion of the porous semiconductor or dielectric layer such that at least some of the porous conductor material enters the nano-engineered structure of the porous semiconductor or dielectric layer, thereby forming an intertwining region.

A piezo-electric actuator on the side of a mobile device will enable pressure exerted by the user to be sensed at the conventional button locations, while providing a haptic feedback. Unfortunately, mechanical integration of piezo-electric actuators at the side of a mobile device is challenging. A mobile device in accordance with the present disclosure comprises a PCB; an outer frame surrounding the PCB; and a switch. The switch comprises: a first piezo-electric actuator configured to generate a first actuator voltage signal in response to a first force applied by a user, and to generate a first haptic feedback to the user in response to a first haptic voltage signal transmitted from the controller thereto; and a first virtual button in the outer frame configured to transmit the first force to the first piezo-electric actuator, and to transmit the first haptic feedback to the user.

An electronic device is provided that includes a first body, a second body having a structure that rotates with respect to the first body about a central axis, a first sensor that outputs a first detection signal having a first output value indicating that an open angle formed by the first body and the second body is a reference angle, a second sensor that outputs a second detection signal having a second output value that changes under an influence of a change in the open angle, and a control unit that calculates the open angle based on the first detection signal and the second detection signal.

A piezoelectric element that includes a substrate, a lower electrode layer on the substrate, an intermediate layer on the lower electrode layer, and an upper electrode layer on the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes a first piezoelectric layer including an aluminum nitride as a main component thereof and located between the lower electrode layer and the upper electrode layer, a first buffer layer including an aluminum nitride as a main component and located between the first piezoelectric layer and the upper electrode layer, a first intermediate electrode layer located between the first buffer layer and the upper electrode layer, and a second piezoelectric layer located between the first intermediate electrode layer and the upper electrode layer.

Highly deformable heterostructures utilizing liquid metals and nanostructures that are suitable for various applications, including but not limited to stretchable electronic devices that can be worn, for example, by a human being. Such a deformable heterostructure includes a stretchable substrate, a conductive liquid metal on the substrate, and nanostructures forming a solid-liquid heterojunction with the conductive liquid metal.

A structure includes an oriented piezoelectric polymer arranged in a circular tubular or circular columnar shape, wherein the orientation angle of the piezoelectric polymer with respect to the central axis of the structure is 15° to 75°, the piezoelectric polymer includes a crystalline polymer having an absolute value of 0.1 to 1000 pC/N for the piezoelectric constant d14 when the orientation axis is the third axis, and the piezoelectric polymer includes a P-body containing a crystalline polymer with a positive piezoelectric constant d14 value and an N-body containing a crystalline polymer with a negative value, wherein for the portion of the central axis of the structure having a length of 1 cm, the value of T1/T2 is 0 to 0.8, T1 being the smaller and T2 being the larger of (ZP+SN) and (SP+ZN), where ZP, SP, ZN, and SN are particularly defined masses.

An energy converting device includes a base, which is fixed; a methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr.sub.3) material having a first end fixedly attached to the base and a second end free to move; and an actuator block attached to the second end of the MAPbBr.sub.3 material. The actuator block moves relative to the base when the MAPbBr.sub.3 material is exposed to light.

A self-power wireless switch according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a lower body, an upper body rotatably coupled to one side of the lower body through a rotating shaft, a printed circuit board (PCB) comprising a contact unit which is coupled to the upper body and is in contact with a switch member pressed by a user, and a generator disposed on a bottom surface of the PCB and supplying power to the PCB. When the user presses the switch member, while the upper body rotates, a pressure is applied to a generator bar disposed on the generator to generate power.

A mask that exhibits a more improved antibacterial effect by more efficiently expanding and contracting a body of the mask in the periphery of the nose and mouth area of the mask without using a drug such as an antibacterial agent and/or an antiviral agent. The mask includes: a body including a yarn having a potential generating filament; and at least one dart that extends from an edge portion of the body towards a central portion of the body.