A system may include a magnetic shape memory (MSM) element having a long axis that extends from a first end of the MSM element to a second end of the MSM element. The system may further include a first solenoid, where a longitudinal axis of the first solenoid is positioned at a first angle relative to the long axis of the MSM element. The system may also include a second solenoid, where a longitudinal axis of the second solenoid is positioned at a second angle relative to the long axis of the MSM element and at a third angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first solenoid, where the longitudinal axis of the first solenoid and the longitudinal axis of the second solenoid are not parallel.

In a reservoir element that has a plurality of vibrators, at least one of the plurality of vibrators has a vibration state that is different from the vibration states of the other vibrators. The vibrations of the plurality of vibrators are configured to affect each other.

Provided is an information output apparatus including one or more information output units, wherein each information output unit includes a coil arranged to be connected to a power source, such that a current flows in the coil; a base unit configured to accommodate the coil; and a driving indicator, which is arranged in the base unit to be apart from and close to the coil to be driven by a current flowing in the coil and is configured to move in a first direction toward the coil and a direction opposite thereto to rotate while being connected to the base unit and to move in a second direction crossing the first direction to be recognized by a user.

A magnetostrictive-type sensor temperature-detecting circuit configured to be used in a magnetostrictive-type sensor including an applied stress-detecting coil, and a driving section to output an alternating voltage, excite the coil with a resulting alternating electric current, and switch flow directions of the electric current flowing in the coil in response to switching voltage polarities of the output alternating voltage, to detect a temperature of the coil in the sensor. This temperature-detecting circuit includes an alternating electric current direction switching time-detecting section to detect an amount of time from when the voltage polarities of the output alternating voltage are switched until when the flow directions of the electric current flowing in the coil are switched, and a temperature-computing section to compute the temperature of the coil on the basis of the amount of time detected by the alternating electric current direction switching time-detecting section.

A plurality of conductive via connections are fabricated on a substrate located at positions where MTJ devices are to be fabricated, wherein a width of each of the conductive via connections is smaller than or equivalent to a width of the MTJ devices. The conductive via connections are surrounded with a dielectric layer having a height sufficient to ensure that at the end of a main MTJ etch, an etch front remains in the dielectric layer surrounding the conductive via connections. Thereafter, a MTJ film stack is deposited on the plurality of conductive via connections surrounded by the dielectric layer. The MTJ film stack is etched using an ion beam etch process (IBE), etching through the MTJ film stack and into the dielectric layer surrounding the conductive via connections to form the MTJ devices wherein by etching into the dielectric layer, re-deposition on sidewalls of the MTJ devices is insulating.

Exemplary practice of the present invention provides a magnetostrictive actuator characterized by linear force output and uniform magnetic biasing. A center bias magnet drives flux through series magnetostrictive bars in opposite directions while surrounding drive coils apply flux in the same direction through the bars. The net response is substantially linear with respect to the drive coil current. A second parallel set of magnetostrictive bars completes the flux path and adds to the actuator output force. Flux leakage between the parallel bars is compensated by a ferromagnetic shunt or by a tapered magnet providing uniform flux density down the length of the magnetostrictive bars. The closed flux path allows magnetic shielding of the entire actuator, if desired.

A piezoelectric cooling chamber and method for providing the cooling system are described. The cooling chamber includes a piezoelectric cooling element, an array of orifices and a valve. A vibrational motion of the piezoelectric cooling element causes an increase or decrease in a chamber volume as the piezoelectric cooling element is deformed. The array of orifices is distributed on at least one surface of the chamber. The orifices allow escape of fluid from within the chamber during the decrease in the chamber volume in response to the vibration of the piezoelectric element. The valve is configured to admit fluid into the chamber when the chamber volume increases and to substantially prevent fluid from exiting the chamber through the valve when the chamber volume decreases.

An actuator device having an expansion unit (10), which comprises a magnetically active shape memory alloy material (12) and which carries out an expansion movement from a starting position along an expansion direction as a reaction to an energization of a coil device (30) and interacts with restoring means which exert on the expansion unit (10) a restoring force opposite to the expansion direction, wherein the restoring force has permanent magnets which act or are seated on a section of the expansion unit (10) such that the restoring force generated magnetically by the permanent magnets changes with increasing expansion stroke in the expansion direction, wherein the permanent magnets (16, 34, 40, 52, 54) are embodied and/or designed such that the expansion unit (10) can contract into the starting position along the expansion stroke when the coil device (30) is not energized.

To reduce the construction effort and also to make it smaller, the detector coil (6) is formed in the detector head (7) of a magnetostrictive position sensor (100) in a semiconductor chip (2), in which at the same time also the evaluation circuit (16) is formed and—if biased electrically and by means of direct current—also the then necessary separate bias coil (18).

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for electrodynamic wireless power receivers. In some examples, a wireless power receiver electromechanically converts energy from a magnetic field. The wireless power receiver includes a planar suspension structure and at least one magnet. The planar suspension structure is tuned to cause oscillation of the at least one magnet at a resonance frequency based on a frequency of the time-varying magnetic field to generate electrical energy in the wireless power receiver.