Dirac semimetals, methods for modulating charge carrying density and/or band gap in a Dirac semimetal, devices including a Dirac semimetal layer, and methods for forming a Dirac semimetal layer on a substrate are described.

A miniature oxygen sensor makes use of paramagnetic properties of oxygen gas to provide a fast response time, low power consumption, improved accuracy and sensitivity, and superior durability. The miniature oxygen sensor disclosed maintains a sample of ambient air within a micro-channel formed in a semiconductor substrate. O.sub.2 molecules segregate in response to an applied magnetic field, thereby establishing a measurable Hall voltage. Oxygen present in the sample of ambient air can be deduced from a change in Hall voltage with variation in the applied magnetic field. The magnetic field can be applied either by an external magnet or by a thin film magnet integrated into a gas sensing cavity within the micro-channel. A differential sensor further includes a reference element containing an unmagnetized control sample. The miniature oxygen sensor is suitable for use as a real-time air quality monitor in consumer products such as smart phones.

The magnetic sensor includes a semiconductor substrate having Hall elements on a front surface of the semiconductor substrate, a conductive layer formed on a back surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a magnetic flux converging plate formed on the conductive layer. The magnetic flux converging plate is formed on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate through formation of the base conductive layer on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate, formation of a resist on the base conductive layer having an opening for forming the magnetic flux converging plate, formation of the magnetic flux converging plate in the opening of the resist by electroplating, removal of the resist, and removal of a part of the base conductive layer by etching with the magnetic flux converging plate as a mask.

Disclosed examples provide wafer-level integration of magnetoresistive sensors and Hall-effect sensors in a single integrated circuit, in which one or more vertical and/or horizontal Hall sensors are formed on or in a substrate along with transistors and other circuitry, and a magnetoresistive sensor circuit is formed in the IC metallization structure.

A component with a magnetic field sensor. The electronic component is located in a semiconductor substrate or on the surface of the semiconductor substrate and is surrounded at least partially, preferably largely, by a trench in the semiconductor substrate. The trench is filled with a filling material.

The magnetic sensor includes a semiconductor substrate having Hall elements on a front surface of the semiconductor substrate, an adhesive layer formed on a back surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a magnetic flux converging plate formed on the adhesive layer. The magnetic flux converging plate is formed on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate through formation of the magnetic flux converging plate by electroplating on a base conductive layer formed on a plating substrate prepared separately from the semiconductor substrate, application of an adhesive for forming the adhesive layer onto a surface of the magnetic flux converging plate so that the magnetic flux converging plate adheres to the back surface of the semiconductor substrate, and peeling off of the plating substrate afterward from the base conductive layer formed on the magnetic flux converging plate.

A memory cell is disclosed which includes a conductive layer, an insulating layer disposed atop the conducting layer, a semiconductor layer disposed atop the insulating layer, a first electrode coupled to the semiconductor layer, a second electrode coupled to the semiconductor layer, wherein the first and second electrodes are separated from one another and wherein the semiconductor layer extends beyond the first and second electrodes forming a first wing, a third electrode coupled to the conductive layer, a first magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) disposed on the first wing, and a first read electrode coupled to the first MTJ.

The present disclosure is directed to an electronic circuit having a Hall effect element and a resistor bridge, all disposed over a common semiconductor substrate. The resistor bridge includes a first set of resistive elements having a first vertical epitaxial resistor and a first lateral epitaxial resistor coupled in series, and a second set of resistive elements having a second vertical epitaxial resistor and a second lateral epitaxial resistor coupled in series. The first set of resistive elements and the second set of resistive elements can be coupled in parallel. The resistor bridge can be configured to sense a stress value of the Hall effect element.

A semiconductor device includes a voltage-current converter configured to output an output current in response to a control voltage and a Hall element configured to output a voltage signal according to the output current from the voltage-current converter and a magnetic flux density of a magnetic field applied to the Hall element. An amplifier is configured to amplify the voltage signal from the Hall element. And a terminal is connected to the amplifier. At the terminal the gain of the amplifier can be adjusted by connecting an impedance element.

A structure of a conductive pad is provided. The structure includes a first conductive layer. A first dielectric layer covers the first conductive layer. A first contact hole is disposed within the first dielectric layer. A second conductive layer fills in the first conductive hole and extends from the first conductive hole to a top surface of the first dielectric layer so that the second conductive layer forms a step profile. A second dielectric layer covers the first dielectric layer and the second conductive layer. A third conductive layer contacts and covers the step profile.