The present invention relates to a method for modifying the surface of a substrate made of electrically conductive metal oxide and notably made of ITO, comprising the following steps consisting in: (i) bringing into contact said surface with a solution containing copper ions (Cu.sup.2+) and ammonia then washing and optionally drying the surface thus obtained; and (ii) bringing into contact the surface obtained following step (i) with a solution containing sodium tetraborohydride then washing and optionally drying the surface of said conductive metal oxide substrate. The present invention relates to the use of such a method within the scope of the metallization by copper of a conductive metal oxide substrate as well as the surfaces of a modified and metallized conductive metal oxide substrate thus obtained.

Grounding systems, grounding components, and methods of manufacturing, assembling, and using the same to provide dynamic and adaptable electrical grounding. In one aspect, an adaptable grounding system is provided. The grounding system may include a plurality of grounding components positioned to adaptively engage with an electrical-grounding surface, e.g., facilitating improved electrical contact. The grounding components may be mounted on a first structure which is opposite to a second structure that includes an electrical-grounding surface. The first structure and/or the second structure may be adjustable, e.g., between at least a first configuration, e.g., a non-grounded configuration, and a second configuration, e.g., a grounded configuration. The grounding systems, components, and related methods described herein may be used with different manufacturing systems and processes including those that are electrically-driven.

An inductive sensor includes a core body, a coil wound on the core body, a cavity having a fixed volume within the core body, and an epoxy mixture filling a controlled portion of the fixed volume. The controlled portion of the fixed volume filled with the epoxy mixture controls an inductance of the sensor.

The present invention relates to electrical conductors for electrical transmission and distribution with pre-stress conditioning of the strength member so that the conductive materials of aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, copper alloys, or copper micro-alloys are mostly tension free or under compressive stress in the conductor, while the strength member is under tensile stress prior to conductor stringing, resulting in a lower thermal knee point in the conductor.

A composite cable which makes it possible to improve disconnection resistance of a signal line. The composite cable includes a signal line part, a pair of power supply lines, and a sheath. The signal line part is composed of a first signal line and a second signal line twisted together. Each of the first signal line and the second signal line is composed of a pair of wires twisted together. The sheath covers an outer circumference of a wire bundle composed of the signal line part and a pair of power supply lines, the signal line part and the pair of power supply lines being twisted together. The signal line part is covered with a shield conductor formed of a conductive element wire spirally wound around the outer circumference of the signal line part.

A contact pin for connecting a first electrical conductor made of copper or a copper alloy and a second electrical conductor made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy comprises a plug-in section, a connecting section, and a coating disposed at least on the connecting section. The plug-in section is adapted to couple to the first electrical conductor. The connecting section is adapted to connect to the second electrical conductor. The coating is corrosion-resistant and compatible with aluminum and copper.

A sensor line, a measuring arrangement and a method detect a change in an ambient variable. The sensor line serves for detecting a change in an ambient variable, in particular the temperature. The sensor line has a first optical waveguide, a second optical waveguide and also a material that changes its transparency depending on the value of the ambient variable. The material is positioned between the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide in such a way that light from the first optical waveguide is able to be coupled into the second optical waveguide in an event of a change in the transparency.

An insulated wire includes a conductor including a copper material, and an insulation layer that is formed on an outer periphery of the conductor. A restoring temperature T.sub.B of the conductor is not more than 130 C. The restoring temperature T.sub.B is a temperature that is needed to restore a conductivity of the conductor after a coil processing to a conductivity of the conductor before the coil processing.

A process is provided for manufacturing a composite material with functionalized carbon nanotubes and a metal matrix. The arrangement also includes manufacturing an elongated electrically conductive element, and an electrical cable with such an elongated electrically conductive element.

An electrical discharge machining electrode wire includes a core including a copper or a copper alloy, and a covering layer that covers a periphery of the core and includes a zinc. The covering layer includes an outermost layer consisting of an -phase of a copper-zinc based alloy. The outermost layer has a Cu concentration of 12 to 20 mass % and a variation range within 5 mass % in the Cu concentration in a longitudinal direction of the electrode wire.