Methods relating to and an apparatus including: a smart device and an integrated heating module are provided. The apparatus includes: a smart device having an electrically switchable material, a first transparent layer and a second transparent layer, wherein the electrically switchable material is retained between a first transparent layer and a second transparent layer; and an integrated heating module configured between the electrically switchable material and one of: the first transparent layer and the second transparent layer, wherein the integrated heating module is configured to provide resistant heating along at least a portion of the electrically switchable material.

A display device is provided and includes first substrate comprising first base member, first terminal and pixel electrodes; second substrate comprising second base member comprising first surface opposing and spaced apart from first terminal and second surface on an opposite side to first surface, second terminal located on side of second surface, and first hole which penetrates from first surface to second surface and second terminal; organic insulating layer provided between first terminal and second base member and adjacent to display area, organic insulating layer having second hole beneath first hole; and connecting material provided on first and second hole to electrically connect first terminal and second terminal, wherein organic insulating layer includes sealant attaches first substrate and second substrate, diameter of second hole is greater than diameter of first hole, and at least one of first terminal and second terminal including oxide electrode in contact with connecting material.

A display device is provided and includes first substrate comprising first base member, first terminal and pixel electrodes; second substrate comprising second base member comprising first surface opposing and spaced apart from first terminal and second surface on an opposite side to first surface, second terminal located on side of second surface, and first hole which penetrates from first surface to second surface and second terminal; organic insulating layer provided between first terminal and second base member and adjacent to display area, organic insulating layer having second hole beneath first hole; and connecting material provided on first and second hole to electrically connect first terminal and second terminal, wherein organic insulating layer includes sealant attaches first substrate and second substrate, diameter of second hole is greater than diameter of first hole, and at least one of first terminal and second terminal including oxide electrode in contact with connecting material.

A method of preparing a lithium-ion conducting garnet via low-temperature solid-state synthesis is disclosed. The lithium-ion conducting garnet comprises a substantially phase pure aluminum-doped cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate (Li.sub.7La.sub.3Zr.sub.2O.sub.14). The method includes preparing nanoparticles comprising lanthanum zirconate (La.sub.2Zr.sub.2O.sub.7-np) via pyrolysis-mediated reaction of lanthanum nitrate (La(NO.sub.3).sub.3) and zirconium nitrate (Zr(NO.sub.3).sub.4). The method also includes pyrolyzing a solid-state mixture comprising the La.sub.2Zr.sub.2O.sub.7-np, lithium nitrate (LiNO.sub.3), and aluminum nitrate (Al(NO.sub.3).sub.3) to give the Li.sub.7La.sub.3Zr.sub.2O.sub.14 and thereby prepare the lithium-ion conducting garnet. A lithium-ion conducting garnet prepared via the method is also disclosed.

A method of preparing a lithium-ion conducting garnet via low-temperature solid-state synthesis is disclosed. The lithium-ion conducting garnet comprises a substantially phase pure aluminum-doped cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate (Li.sub.7La.sub.3Zr.sub.2O.sub.14). The method includes preparing nanoparticles comprising lanthanum zirconate (La.sub.2Zr.sub.2O.sub.7-np) via pyrolysis-mediated reaction of lanthanum nitrate (La(NO.sub.3).sub.3) and zirconium nitrate (Zr(NO.sub.3).sub.4). The method also includes pyrolyzing a solid-state mixture comprising the La.sub.2Zr.sub.2O.sub.7-np, lithium nitrate (LiNO.sub.3), and aluminum nitrate (Al(NO.sub.3).sub.3) to give the Li.sub.7La.sub.3Zr.sub.2O.sub.14 and thereby prepare the lithium-ion conducting garnet. A lithium-ion conducting garnet prepared via the method is also disclosed.

A Li ion conductor having a composition different from a conventional composition is provided. The Li ion conductor contains at least one selected from a group Q consisting of Ga, V, and Al, Li, La and O. A part of an Li site is optionally substituted with a metal element D, a part of an La site is optionally substituted with a metal element E, and parts of Ga, V and Al sites are optionally substituted with a metal element J. A mole ratio of an amount of Li to a total amount of La, the element E, Ga, V, Al, and the element J is not lower than 8.1/5 and not higher than 9.5/5. A mole ratio of a total amount of Ga, V, and Al to a total amount of La and the element E is not lower than 1.1/3 and not higher than 2/3.

An advantage is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery with improved heat resistance. A positive electrode active material contains a lithium-transition metal composite oxide containing 80 mol % or more of Ni and 0.1 mol % to 1.5 mol % of B on the basis of the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li, and B and at least one element (M1) selected from Groups 4 to 6 are present on at least the surfaces of particles of the composite oxide. When particles having a volume-based particle size larger than 70% particle size (D70) are first particles, and particles having a volume-based particle size smaller than 30% particle size (D30) are second particles, the molar fraction of M1 on the basis of the total number of moles of metallic elements excluding Li on the surfaces of the second particles is greater than that of the first particles.

An advantage is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery with improved heat resistance. A positive electrode active material contains a lithium-transition metal composite oxide containing 80 mol % or more of Ni and 0.1 mol % to 1.5 mol % of B on the basis of the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li, and B and at least one element (M1) selected from Groups 4 to 6 are present on at least the surfaces of particles of the composite oxide. When particles having a volume-based particle size larger than 70% particle size (D70) are first particles, and particles having a volume-based particle size smaller than 30% particle size (D30) are second particles, the molar fraction of M1 on the basis of the total number of moles of metallic elements excluding Li on the surfaces of the second particles is greater than that of the first particles.

A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery includes a first positive electrode active material and a second positive electrode active material, wherein an average particle diameter (D.sub.50) of the first positive electrode active material is twice or more than an average particle diameter (D.sub.50) of the second positive electrode active material, and the second positive electrode active material has a crystallite size of 200 nm or more.

A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery includes a first positive electrode active material and a second positive electrode active material, wherein an average particle diameter (D.sub.50) of the first positive electrode active material is twice or more than an average particle diameter (D.sub.50) of the second positive electrode active material, and the second positive electrode active material has a crystallite size of 200 nm or more.