Aspects relate to patterned nanostructures having a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns. The patterned nanostructures are made up of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm. A nanoparticle composition, which, in some cases, includes a binder, is applied to a substrate. A patterned mold used in concert with electromagnetic radiation function to manipulate the nanoparticle composition in forming the patterned nanostructure. In some embodiments, the patterned mold nanoimprints a pattern onto the nanoparticle composition and the composition is cured through UV or thermal energy, Three-dimensional patterned nanostructures may be formed. A number of patterned nanostructure layers may be prepared and joined together. In some cases, a patterned nanostructure may be formed as a layer that is releasable from the substrate upon which it is initially formed. Such releasable layers may be arranged to form a three-dimensional patterned nanostructure for suitable applications.

Aspects relate to patterned nanostructures having a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns. The patterned nanostructures are made up of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm. A nanoparticle composition, which, in some cases, includes a binder, is applied to a substrate. A patterned mold used in concert with electromagnetic radiation function to manipulate the nanoparticle composition in forming the patterned nanostructure. In some embodiments, the patterned mold nanoimprints a pattern onto the nanoparticle composition and the composition is cured through UV or thermal energy, Three-dimensional patterned nanostructures may be formed. A number of patterned nanostructure layers may be prepared and joined together. In some cases, a patterned nanostructure may be formed as a layer that is releasable from the substrate upon which it is initially formed. Such releasable layers may be arranged to form a three-dimensional patterned nanostructure for suitable applications.

A method for forming an insulating coating on an electrical steel sheet is provided. The method includes preparing a treatment solution by adding a Si compound to water and applying the treatment solution to a surface of the electrical steel sheet. Fe in the electrical steel sheet dissolves in the treatment solution and, thereafter, the electrical steel sheet and treatment solution are baked to form the insulating film. In the insulating film, a coating weight of Si in terms of SiO.sub.2 is 50% to 99% of the total coating weight, and a ratio (Fe/Si) of content of Fe to content of Si in the insulating coating is 0.01 to 0.6 on a molar basis.

A method for forming an insulating coating on an electrical steel sheet is provided. The method includes preparing a treatment solution by adding a Si compound to water and applying the treatment solution to a surface of the electrical steel sheet. Fe in the electrical steel sheet dissolves in the treatment solution and, thereafter, the electrical steel sheet and treatment solution are baked to form the insulating film. In the insulating film, a coating weight of Si in terms of SiO.sub.2 is 50% to 99% of the total coating weight, and a ratio (Fe/Si) of content of Fe to content of Si in the insulating coating is 0.01 to 0.6 on a molar basis.

An electrical steel sheet provided with an insulating coating wherein the insulating coating is formed by a method includes forming an insulating coating on an electrical steel sheet, including: preparing a treatment solution that does not contain an Fe compound by adding an Si compound to water; applying the treatment solution to a surface of the electrical steel sheet; leaving the treatment solution on the surface of the electrical steel sheet to allow Fe in the electrical steel sheet to be dissolved in the treatment solution; and baking the treatment solution to form the insulating film such that a coating weight of Si in the insulating coating in terms of SiO.sub.2 is 50% to 99% of the total coating weight, and a ratio (Fe/Si) of content of Fe to content of Si in the insulating coating is 0.01 to 0.6 on a molar basis.

An electrical steel sheet provided with an insulating coating wherein the insulating coating is formed by a method includes forming an insulating coating on an electrical steel sheet, including: preparing a treatment solution that does not contain an Fe compound by adding an Si compound to water; applying the treatment solution to a surface of the electrical steel sheet; leaving the treatment solution on the surface of the electrical steel sheet to allow Fe in the electrical steel sheet to be dissolved in the treatment solution; and baking the treatment solution to form the insulating film such that a coating weight of Si in the insulating coating in terms of SiO.sub.2 is 50% to 99% of the total coating weight, and a ratio (Fe/Si) of content of Fe to content of Si in the insulating coating is 0.01 to 0.6 on a molar basis.

An oxide insulator film contains a first metal oxide and a second metal oxide. An electrical conductivity of the second metal oxide is lower than an electrical conductivity of the first metal oxide. The oxide insulator film includes particles of the first metal oxide which are dispersed in a matrix including the second metal oxide.

An oxide insulator film contains a first metal oxide and a second metal oxide. An electrical conductivity of the second metal oxide is lower than an electrical conductivity of the first metal oxide. The oxide insulator film includes particles of the first metal oxide which are dispersed in a matrix including the second metal oxide.

Provided is a matte gray functional building material for windows, comprising: a transparent glass substrate; and a low-emissivity coating formed on one surface of the transparent glass substrate.

Provided is a matte gray functional building material for windows, comprising: a transparent glass substrate; and a low-emissivity coating formed on one surface of the transparent glass substrate.