An insulated copper wire is an insulated copper wire having a copper wire and an insulating film coating a surface of the copper wire, in which the insulating film contains a polymer material having an amide bond, on a peeled surface formed on a surface of the insulated copper wire by peeling off the insulating film, there more copper atoms bonded to a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom than copper atoms bonded to an oxygen atom, an oxygen-containing layer containing 10 atom % or more of oxygen in a depth direction from the peeled surface is formed, and a film thickness of the oxygen-containing layer is in a range of 2 nm or more and 30 nm or less. An electric coil is formed by winding the above-described insulated copper wire.

An apparatus and method for modifying an aspect of an exterior polymer material or polymer type material of a linear substrate with a fluid. The apparatus include a variable exposure gap within which the linear substrate is exposed to the fluid. The width of the exposure gap is varied with the speed of the linear substrate traversing the exposure gap to maintain a constant exposure time of the linear substrate with the modifying fluid.

An apparatus and method for modifying an aspect of an exterior polymer material or polymer type material of a linear substrate with a fluid. The apparatus include a variable exposure gap within which the linear substrate is exposed to the fluid. The width of the exposure gap is varied with the speed of the linear substrate traversing the exposure gap to maintain a constant exposure time of the linear substrate with the modifying fluid.

A coaxial cable includes a center conductor, a dielectric coating applied to the center conductor forming an insulator surrounding the center conductor, a metallization layer applied to the insulator forming a cable shield surrounding the insulator, and an outer jacket covering the cable shield, wherein the coaxial cable has a wire gauge of 54 AWG or smaller. A method of manufacturing a coaxial cable includes providing a center conductor, coating the center conductor with a dielectric coating to form an insulator surrounding the center conductor, covering the insulator with a metallization layer to form a cable shield surrounding the insulator, and covering the cable shield with an outer jacket, wherein the coaxial cable has a wire gauge of 54 AWG or smaller.

A method for forming a subsea cable or a joint for a subsea cable is provided including providing a cable assembly that has at least a first conductor and a first insulation system surrounding the first conductor and forming a water barrier layer surrounding a length of the cable assembly. The water barrier layer has at least one coating of a metal material applied using a thermal spraying technique. A joint and a subsea cable obtainable by the above method is also provided.

An apparatus and method for modifying an aspect of an exterior polymer material or polymer type material of a linear substrate with a fluid. The apparatus include a variable exposure gap within which the linear substrate is exposed to the fluid. The width of the exposure gap is varied with the speed of the linear substrate traversing the exposure gap to maintain a constant exposure time of the linear substrate with the modifying fluid.

An apparatus and method for modifying an aspect of an exterior polymer material or polymer type material of a linear substrate with a fluid. The apparatus include a variable exposure gap within which the linear substrate is exposed to the fluid. The width of the exposure gap is varied with the speed of the linear substrate traversing the exposure gap to maintain a constant exposure time of the linear substrate with the modifying fluid.

A flexible electrode apparatus for bonding with a SEEG electrode includes: at least one wire electrode which is implantable and flexible, wherein each wire electrode includes: a wire located between a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer of the flexible electrode; and an electrode site located on the second insulating layer and electrically coupled to the wire via a through hole in the second insulating layer, wherein the at least one wire electrode is configured to be affixed to the SEEG electrode and is in contact with a biological tissue after the SEEG electrode is implanted.

A flexible electrode apparatus for bonding with a SEEG electrode includes: at least one wire electrode which is implantable and flexible, wherein each wire electrode includes: a wire located between a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer of the flexible electrode; and an electrode site located on the second insulating layer and electrically coupled to the wire via a through hole in the second insulating layer, wherein the at least one wire electrode is configured to be affixed to the SEEG electrode and is in contact with a biological tissue after the SEEG electrode is implanted.

An enamelled wire for a winding of an electric motor, including: an electrical conductor, and an electrical insulation system surrounding the electrical conductor, the electrical insulation system including a first electrical insulation layer including a first polymer and surrounding the electrical conductor, and a second electrical insulation layer surrounding the first electrical insulation layer, wherein the second electrical insulation layer includes a second polymer and a filler material dispersed in the second polymer, the filler material consisting of: A) graphene oxide, or B) graphene oxide and a first metal oxide, or C) graphene oxide, the first metal oxide, and a second metal oxide, or D) graphene oxide and the second metal oxide, wherein the filler material is present in an amount of 5-40% of the volume of the second electrical insulation layer.