The present invention relates to an electronic device including an input and an output, the device generating an output voltage when the input of the device is supplied, the device comprising: a conversion unit converting a spin current into a charge current having an amplitude and a sign, a spin current application unit applying a spin current to the conversion unit, a ferroelectric layer, which has a ferroelectric polarization and is arranged such that the ferroelectric polarization controls at least one among the amplitude and the sign of the charge current, and an electric field application unit suitable for applying an electric field to the ferroelectric layer to control the ferroelectric polarization.

According to one embodiment, a magnetic memory device includes a magnetoresistive element including a first magnetic layer having a variable magnetization direction, a second magnetic layer having a fixed magnetization direction, and a nonmagnetic layer provided between the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer. The first magnetic layer contains nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn) and gallium (Ga) and has a spin polarization less than 0.71.

A magnetic sensing device includes a non-magnetic layer serving as a spacer and two magnetic layers that sandwich the spacer, and two oxide layers that sandwich the trilayer structure including the two magnetic layers and the spacer.

A magnetoresistance effect element has a first ferromagnetic metal layer, a second ferromagnetic metal layer, and a tunnel barrier layer that is sandwiched between the first and second ferromagnetic metal layers, and a tunnel barrier layer that is sandwiched between the first and second ferromagnetic metal layers, the tunnel barrier layer is expressed by a composition formula of AB.sub.2O.sub.x (0<x≤4), and has a spinel structure in which cations are arranged in a disordered manner, the tunnel barrier layer has a lattice-matched portion and a lattice-mismatched portion, A is a divalent cation of plural non-magnetic elements, B is an aluminum ion, and in the composition formula, the number of the divalent cation is smaller than half the number of the aluminum ion.

The magnetoresistance effect device includes: a magnetoresistance effect element that includes a first magnetization free layer, a magnetization fixed layer or a second magnetization free layer, and a spacer layer interposed between the first magnetization free layer and the magnetization fixed layer or the second magnetization free layer; and a magnetic material part that applies a magnetic field to the magnetoresistance effect element, wherein the magnetic material part is arranged to surround an outer circumference of the magnetoresistance effect element in a plan view in a stacking direction L of the magnetoresistance effect element.

A magnetic sensor whose output characteristic is less sensitive to the environmental temperature is provided. Magnetic sensor 1 has free layer 24 whose magnetization direction changes in response to an external magnetic field, pinned layer 22 whose magnetization direction is fixed with respect to the external magnetic field, spacer layer 23 that is located between pinned layer 22 and free layer 24 and that exhibits a magnetoresistance effect, and at least one magnet film 25 that is disposed on a lateral side of free layer 24 and that applies a bias magnetic field to free layer 24. A relationship of 0.7 ≤T.sub.C_HM/T.sub.C_FL≤1.05 is satisfied, where T.sub.C_HM is Curie temperature of the magnet film, and T.sub.C_FL is Curie temperature of the free layer.

A magnetoresistance effect element includes a first ferromagnetic layer, a second ferromagnetic layer, and a tunnel barrier layer that is interposed between the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer. The tunnel barrier layer is a stacked body including one or more first oxide layers having a spinel structure and one or more second oxide layers having a spinel structure with a composition which is different from a composition of the first oxide layer.

The present disclosure generally relates to spin-orbit torque (SOT) device comprising a first bismuth antimony (BiSb) layer having a (001) orientation. The SOT device comprises a first BiSb layer having a (001) orientation and a second BiSb layer having a (012) orientation. The first BiSb layer having a (001) orientation is formed by depositing an amorphous material selected from the group consisting of: B, Al, Si, SiN, Mg, Ti, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Y, Zr, Nb, AlN, C, Ge, and combinations thereof, on a substrate, exposing the amorphous material to form an amorphous oxide surface on the amorphous material, and depositing the first BiSb layer on the amorphous oxide surface. By utilizing a first BiSb layer having a (001) orientation and a second BiSb having a (012) orientation, the signal through the SOT device is balanced and optimized to match through both the first and second BiSb layers.

According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a film portion, one or more detectors fixed to the film portion, and a processor. The detector includes first and second detecting elements. The first detecting element includes a first magnetic layer. The second detecting element includes a second magnetic layer. A first change rate of a first signal is higher than a second change rate of the first signal. The first signal corresponds to a first electrical resistance of the first detecting element. A change rate of a second signal with respect to the change of the magnitude of the strain is higher than the second change rate. The second signal corresponds to a second electrical resistance of the second detecting element. The processor is configured to perform at least a first operation of outputting a second value. The second value is based on the second signal and a first value.

Described is a spin torque device, and a spintronics device Incorporating the spin torque device. The spin torque device comprises a magnetic layer having a switchable magnetisation direction along a first axis, and a spin source layer adapted to generate a spin current from a current Injected along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis. Electrons of different spins in the spin source layer are rearranged by scattering so the spin current is generated in a plane perpendicular to the second axis and polarized at an angle to the first axis, so that the spin current diffuses into the magnetic layer to produce spin torque to switch the magnetisation direction.