The invention relates to a circuit arrangement for combined protection of a load from temporary and transient overvoltages with emergency operation of the load in the presence of a temporary overvoltage and with integrated follow current limitation, wherein a first surge arrester, in particular a spark gap or a varistor, is provided between network-side input terminals and a second surge arrester, in particular a varistor, is provided between load-side output terminals for follow current limitation. According to the invention, at least one controlled semiconductor switch is provided in each case in the series branch between the input terminal and the output terminal and in the output-side parallel branch, wherein a mechanical switch and a series capacitance are connected in parallel with the semiconductor switch in the series branch. Furthermore, the semiconductor switch in the parallel branch is part of a series circuit comprising a parallel circuit comprising a second surge arrester and a parallel capacitance. A series inductance is provided in the series branch between the input terminal and the parallel circuit comprising the series capacitance, the controlled semiconductor switch and the mechanical switch. A microcontroller for controlling the semiconductor switches is also present, wherein the microcontroller is connected to a current detector in the series branch.

The invention relates to a circuit arrangement for combined protection of a load from temporary and transient overvoltages with emergency operation of the load in the presence of a temporary overvoltage and with integrated follow current limitation, wherein a first surge arrester, in particular a spark gap or a varistor, is provided between network-side input terminals and a second surge arrester, in particular a varistor, is provided between load-side output terminals for follow current limitation. According to the invention, at least one controlled semiconductor switch is provided in each case in the series branch between the input terminal and the output terminal and in the output-side parallel branch, wherein a mechanical switch and a series capacitance are connected in parallel with the semiconductor switch in the series branch. Furthermore, the semiconductor switch in the parallel branch is part of a series circuit comprising a parallel circuit comprising a second surge arrester and a parallel capacitance. A series inductance is provided in the series branch between the input terminal and the parallel circuit comprising the series capacitance, the controlled semiconductor switch and the mechanical switch. A microcontroller for controlling the semiconductor switches is also present, wherein the microcontroller is connected to a current detector in the series branch.

A coil component includes first and second wires wound around a winding core portion of a core, and third and fourth wires wound around outside a portion of the first and the second wires wound around the winding core portion in an opposite direction to a winding direction of the first and second wires. The portion of the first and second wires wound around the winding core portion has a first twisted wire portion twisted together. A length of the first wire or a length of the second wire of the portion of the first and second wires wound around the winding core portion is configured to be equal to a length of the third wire or a length of the fourth wire of the portion of the third and fourth wires wound around outside the portion of the first and second wires wound around the winding core portion.

A transformer respectively includes a first isolation barrier, a first inductive element, a second isolation barrier, and a second inductive element. The first isolation barrier and second isolation barrier each comprise multiple isolation layers. The transformer also includes magnetic material including a top magnetic portion disposed above the first isolation barrier. The transformer also includes a bottom magnetic portion disposed below the second inductive element; The transformer further includes an intermediary magnetic portion extending from the top magnetic portion to the bottom magnetic portion via a through-hole within the first isolation barrier, first inductive element, second isolation barrier, and second inductive element. The transformer yet further includes at least one lateral magnetic portion extending from the top magnetic portion to the bottom magnetic portion. The at least one lateral magnetic portion is disposed laterally from the first isolation barrier, first inductive element, second isolation barrier, and second inductive element.

A transformer respectively includes a first isolation barrier, a first inductive element, a second isolation barrier, and a second inductive element. The first isolation barrier and second isolation barrier each comprise multiple isolation layers. The transformer also includes magnetic material including a top magnetic portion disposed above the first isolation barrier. The transformer also includes a bottom magnetic portion disposed below the second inductive element; The transformer further includes an intermediary magnetic portion extending from the top magnetic portion to the bottom magnetic portion via a through-hole within the first isolation barrier, first inductive element, second isolation barrier, and second inductive element. The transformer yet further includes at least one lateral magnetic portion extending from the top magnetic portion to the bottom magnetic portion. The at least one lateral magnetic portion is disposed laterally from the first isolation barrier, first inductive element, second isolation barrier, and second inductive element.

Methods and apparatus for providing data transfer with a drive coil to transmit information, a receive coil magnetically coupled to the drive coil, and a first magnetoresistive sensor proximate the receive coil to detect information from the receive coil. In embodiments, the drive and receive coils are separated by an isolation material. In embodiments, a signal isolator IC packages includes transmit and receive coils and a magnetic field sensing element coupled to the receive coil.

A DC-DC converter includes a transformer having primary and secondary windings, a power oscillator applying an oscillating signal to the primary winding to transmit a power signal to the secondary winding, a rectifier obtaining an output DC voltage by rectifying the power signal at the secondary winding, and comparison circuitry generating an error signal representing a difference between the output DC voltage and a reference voltage value. A transmitter connected to the secondary winding performs an amplitude modulation of the power signal at the secondary winding to transmit an amplitude modulated power signal to the primary winding, the amplitude modulation based upon the error signal and modulating a stream of data to the primary winding. A receiver coupled to the primary winding demodulates the amplitude modulated power signal to recover the error signal and the stream of data. An amplitude of the oscillating signal is controlled by the error signal.

A DC-DC converter includes a transformer having primary and secondary windings, a power oscillator applying an oscillating signal to the primary winding to transmit a power signal to the secondary winding, a rectifier obtaining an output DC voltage by rectifying the power signal at the secondary winding, and comparison circuitry generating an error signal representing a difference between the output DC voltage and a reference voltage value. A transmitter connected to the secondary winding performs an amplitude modulation of the power signal at the secondary winding to transmit an amplitude modulated power signal to the primary winding, the amplitude modulation based upon the error signal and modulating a stream of data to the primary winding. A receiver coupled to the primary winding demodulates the amplitude modulated power signal to recover the error signal and the stream of data. An amplitude of the oscillating signal is controlled by the error signal.

An isolation transformer includes: a Faraday cage and an input ground terminal for connecting to the Faraday cage; and an output ground terminal connected to the Faraday cage for further connection to a further circuit. The isolation trans-former further has a clean ground input terminal for receiving an external clean ground; a clean ground output terminal for connecting to a further clean ground input terminal of the further circuit; and a physical electrical node placed at a location within the Faraday cage where the magnetic flux and electric field are the lowest. The clean ground input terminal is electrically fed into the isolation transformer and connected to the physical electrical node through a first electric connection, and the physical electrical node is further electrically connected to a clean ground output terminal through a second electric connection. The invention provides for a low-EMI isolation transformer.

An isolation transformer includes: a Faraday cage and an input ground terminal for connecting to the Faraday cage; and an output ground terminal connected to the Faraday cage for further connection to a further circuit. The isolation trans-former further has a clean ground input terminal for receiving an external clean ground; a clean ground output terminal for connecting to a further clean ground input terminal of the further circuit; and a physical electrical node placed at a location within the Faraday cage where the magnetic flux and electric field are the lowest. The clean ground input terminal is electrically fed into the isolation transformer and connected to the physical electrical node through a first electric connection, and the physical electrical node is further electrically connected to a clean ground output terminal through a second electric connection. The invention provides for a low-EMI isolation transformer.