A method for depassivation of an energy storage device having an anode, a cathode and a core with an electrolyte, the method including: detecting that a first predetermined event related to a buildup of passivation has occurred with regard to the energy storage device; switching between a positive input voltage and a negative input voltage provided to the anode at a frequency sufficient to depassivate the anode; discontinuing the switching when a second predetermined event related to passivation has occurred.

A method for depassivation of an energy storage device having an anode, a cathode and a core with an electrolyte, the method including: detecting that a first predetermined event related to a buildup of passivation has occurred with regard to the energy storage device; switching between a positive input voltage and a negative input voltage provided to the anode at a frequency sufficient to depassivate the anode; discontinuing the switching when a second predetermined event related to passivation has occurred.

An electrolyte for a lithium-ion battery, and a battery incorporating the electrolyte. The electrolyte includes a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent which includes a carbonate-based solvent, a flame retardant, a film former, and a stabilizing medium. The flame retardant includes PYR.sub.1RPF.sub.6 (N-Methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium Hexafluorophosphate Salt).

An electrolyte for a lithium-ion battery, and a battery incorporating the electrolyte. The electrolyte includes a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent which includes a carbonate-based solvent, a flame retardant, a film former, and a stabilizing medium. The flame retardant includes PYR.sub.1RPF.sub.6 (N-Methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium Hexafluorophosphate Salt).

An electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element and an electrolyte solution. The capacitor element includes: an anode foil provided with a dielectric layer on the anode foil; a cathode foil disposed to face the anode foil; and a conductive polymer layer disposed between the anode foil and the cathode foil. The cathode foil is provided with a first layer disposed on the cathode foil, the first layer including at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon, nickel, a nickel compound, titanium, and a titanium compound. The conductive polymer layer includes a conductive polymer in contact with at least a part of a surface of the first layer. The surface of the first layer has projections and recesses.

An electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element and an electrolyte solution. The capacitor element includes: an anode foil provided with a dielectric layer on the anode foil; a cathode foil disposed to face the anode foil; and a conductive polymer layer disposed between the anode foil and the cathode foil. The cathode foil is provided with a first layer disposed on the cathode foil, the first layer including at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon, nickel, a nickel compound, titanium, and a titanium compound. The conductive polymer layer includes a conductive polymer in contact with at least a part of a surface of the first layer. The surface of the first layer has projections and recesses.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a composite material comprising a vinylidene difluoride (VDF)-containing copolymer and an electrically non-conductive polymeric material, to a composite material obtainable via said process, to its use in electrochemical cells and to an electrochemical cell comprising said composite.

An electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element and an electrolytic solution. The capacitor element includes an anode body with an oxide film, and a solid electrolyte in contact with the oxide film. The electrolytic solution contains a solvent and a solute. The solvent contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a lactone compound, a glycol compound, and a sulfone compound. The solute includes a first acid component and a base component. The first acid component includes at least one of a benzenedicarboxylic acid and a derivative of the benzenedicarboxylic acid. The base component includes at least one of an amine and an amidine. A concentration of the solute in the electrolytic solution ranges from 15% by mass to 40% by mass, inclusive. A ratio (V/Vw) of a formation voltage V of the oxide film to a rated voltage Vw of the electrolytic capacitor is less than or equal to 1.7.

A double hybridized ion capacitor including a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Each of the positive electrode and negative electrode includes high surface area carbon. In one embodiment, the high surface area carbon is derived from gulfweed. The double hybridized ion capacitor delivers 127 W h kg.sup.1 at 332 W kg.sup.1 and 40 W h kg.sup.1 at 33,573 W kg.sup.1.

An electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element and an electrolyte solution. The capacitor element includes: an anode foil on which a dielectric layer is formed; a cathode foil on which an inorganic conductive layer is formed; and a conductive polymer layer disposed between the anode foil and the cathode foil. The inorganic layer has a surface having projections and recesses.