The present disclosure provides an energy storage system comprising at least one capacitive energy storage device and a DC-voltage conversion device. The capacitive energy storage device comprises at least one metacapacitor. The output voltage of the capacitive energy storage device is the input voltage of the DC-voltage conversion device. The capacitive energy storage system is capable of being charged from a power generation system and/or an electrical grid and discharging energy to a load and/or electrical grid. The capacitive energy storage system is configurable to supply external power as an operating power in a first state in which the external power is applied and/or to supply power as the operating power in a second state in which the external power is not applied.

A manufacturing method for a capacitor is provided. The method includes the following steps. A nano carbon material and an electrolyte solution are mixed to obtain an electrolyte composition. A porous substrate is immersed in the electrolyte composition. The electrodes are formed on two opposite surfaces of the porous substrate.

A manufacturing method for a capacitor is provided. The method includes the following steps. A nano carbon material and an electrolyte solution are mixed to obtain an electrolyte composition. A porous substrate is immersed in the electrolyte composition. The electrodes are formed on two opposite surfaces of the porous substrate.

A capacitor with an anode and a dielectric over the anode. A first conductive polymer layer is over the dielectric wherein the first conductive polymer layer comprises a polyanion and a first binder. A second conductive polymer layer is over the first conductive polymer layer wherein the second conductive polymer layer comprises a polyanion and a second binder and wherein the first binder is more hydrophilic than the second binder.

Method and system for generating electrical energy from a volume of water.

Method and system for generating electrical energy from a volume of water.

A capacitor assembly that is stable under extreme conditions is provided. A capacitor assembly that is capable of achieving a high capacitance and yet remain thermally and mechanically stable under extreme conditions. Even at high capacitance values, good mechanical stability can be achieved by connecting multiple individual capacitor elements to the housing of the assembly. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that the use of multiple elements increases the surface area over which the elements are connected to the housing. Among other things, this allows the elements to dissipate vibrational forces incurred during use over a larger area, which reduces the likelihood of delamination. The capacitor elements are also enclosed and hermetically sealed within a single housing in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere that contains an inert gas, thereby limiting the amount of oxygen and moisture supplied to the solid electrolyte of the capacitor elements. Through the combination of the features noted above, the capacitor assembly is able to better function under extreme conditions.

An improved formulation of conductive polymer is provided. The formulation comprises a conductive polymer and a polyanion wherein the polyanion is a copolymer comprising groups A, B and C represented the ratio of Formula A:
A.sub.xB.sub.yC.sub.z  Formula A
wherein:
A is polystyrenesulfonic acid or salt of polystyrenesulfonate;
B and C separately represent polymerized units substituted by a group selected from:
—C(O)OR.sup.6 wherein R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of:
—(CHR.sup.17).sub.b—R.sup.18. All other groups are defined. The conductive polymer has an average particle size of at least 1 nm to no more than 10 microns.

An improved formulation of conductive polymer is provided. The formulation comprises a conductive polymer and a polyanion wherein the polyanion is a copolymer comprising groups A, B and C represented the ratio of Formula A:
A.sub.xB.sub.yC.sub.z  Formula A
wherein:
A is polystyrenesulfonic acid or salt of polystyrenesulfonate;
B and C separately represent polymerized units substituted by a group selected from:
—C(O)OR.sup.6 wherein R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of:
—(CHR.sup.17).sub.b—R.sup.18. All other groups are defined. The conductive polymer has an average particle size of at least 1 nm to no more than 10 microns.

Methods are disclosed for manufacturing an electrode for use in a device such as a secondary battery. Electrodes may include a first layer having first active particles adhered together by a binder, a second layer having second active particles adhered together by a binder, and an interphase layer interposed between the first and second layers. In some examples, the interphase layer may include an interpenetration of the first and second particles, such that substantially discrete fingers of the first layer interlock with substantially discrete fingers of the second layer.