Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, an electron-transporting layer, a hole-transporting layer, and a second electrode, wherein the hole-transporting layer and the second electrode are in contact with each other, and the hole-transporting layer satisfies the following formula:
0%<Rc(50)0.75%
where an average thickness of the hole-transporting layer is determined as X (nm), and Rc(50) is a ratio of an area of projected parts that are projected from a standard line towards the second electrode, where the standard line is present at a position that is away, by X+50 (nm), from an opposite surface of the hole-transporting layer to a surface of the hole-transporting layer in contact with the second electrode.

An electrolyte solution containing LiFSO.sub.3 and a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1): LiZ, wherein Z is PF.sub.6, BF.sub.4, N(FSO.sub.2).sub.2, N(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2, N(C.sub.2F.sub.5SO.sub.2).sub.2, PO.sub.2F.sub.2, or B(C.sub.2O.sub.4).sub.2. The electrolyte solution has a ratio [FSO.sub.3]/[Z] of a molar content of FSO.sub.3 [FSO.sub.3] to a molar content of Z [Z] of 3 to 1000. Also disclosed is an electrochemical device including the electrolyte solution, a lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution and a module including the electrochemical device.

A lateral window for a public transportation vehicle has a first transparent panel, a second transparent panel spaced apart from the first transparent panel, and a window frame for supporting the first transparent panel and the second transparent panel. An inner space filled a transparent photovoltaic gel is defined between the first and second transparent panels and the window frame. A filling arrangement is provided for filling the inner space between the first transparent panel and second transparent panel with the photovoltaic gel.

Present invention discloses a microfluidic energy harvester for converting solar energy into electrical energy. A preferred embodiment of the present microfluidic energy harvester includes a substrate having an embedded central microchannel, electrolyte configured to reside and/or flow in said central microchannel and electrode assembly having one or more pair of electrodes arranged in a series and integrated with said central microchannel from sides ensuring direct contact between said pair for electrodes with said electrolyte while it reside and/or flow in said central microchannel for ensuing electrochemical photovoltaic effect to convert the solar energy into the electrical energy under direct solar illumination by working under regenerative conditions. The microfluidic energy harvester is capable of producing high density power from three different resources, (a) the solar irradiation produces a photovoltaic potential difference between the metal/metal-oxide electrodes, (b) SPR of the metal nanoparticles suspended in the electrolyte amplifies the photovoltaic potential difference under solar irradiation, and (c) the flow of the nanoparticle laden electrolyte produces a streaming potential between the electrodes by converting the mechanical energy into the electrical one near the electrodes. The transparency of the polymer and adequate absorptivity of the metal/metal-oxide electrodes ensured facile absorption of solar irradiation in the microfluidic energy harvester. The flexibility of the MEH can be tuned by adjusting the cross-linking of the PDMS matrix. The multiplicity of the microchannels and electrodes are expected to increase the total amount of energy harvested.

Provided is an electrolyte composition containing iodine (A), a sulfur compound (B) excluding organic salts, and a basic nitrogen compound (C). This electrolyte composition may have a light transmittance at a wavelength of 400 nm in an optical path length of 1 cm of 30% or higher. The sulfur compound (B) may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a thiol, a sulfide, and a disulfide (particularly a thiol having a chain or cyclic alkane backbone, such as a linear or branched C.sub.4-18 alkanethiol). The basic nitrogen compound (C) may be an amine (particularly a pyridine). A proportion of the sulfur compound (B) may be approximately from 0.1 to 2 times the molar amount of the basic nitrogen compound (C). The electrolyte composition may further contain an iodide salt. The electrolyte composition may be an electrolyte solution for dye-sensitized solar cells. The electrolyte composition can be easily and conveniently prepared and, although contains iodine, is highly transparent and also has reduced coloration.

A filter-based color imaging array that resolves N different colors detects only 1/N.sup.th of the incoming light. In the thermal infrared wavelength range, filtering loss is exacerbated by the lower sensor detectivity at infrared wavelengths than at visible wavelengths. To avoid loss due to filtering, most spectral imagers use bulky optics, such as diffraction gratings or Fourier transform interferometers, to resolve different colors. Fortunately, it is possible to avoid filtering loss without bulky optics: detect light with interleaved arrays of sub-wavelength-spaced antennas tuned to different wavelengths. An optically sensitive element inside each antenna absorbs light at the antenna's resonant wavelength. Metallic slot antennas offer high efficiency, intrinsic unidirectionality, and lower cross-talk than dipole or bowtie antennas. Graphene serves at the optically active material inside each antenna because its 2D nature makes it easily adaptable to this imager architecture.

Photoelectrochemical cells for the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and/or 2,5-diformylfuran are provided. Also provided are methods of using the cells to carry out the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and/or 2,5-diformylfuran.

The dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has an electrolyte layer in which an ammonium ion, an inorganic salt and an iodide ion are dissolved in an organic solvent and in which the ratio of the molar amount of triiodide ions to the molar amount of iodide ions is less than 1%. High photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained regardless of the kind of the sensitizing dye, and the design is also excellent.

Provided are a method for manufacturing a perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted, a light-emitter manufactured thereby, and a light emitting device using the same. A method for manufacturing an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter where an organic ligand is substituted may comprise the steps of: preparing a solution including an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter, wherein the organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal particle light-emitter comprises an organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal structure and a plurality of first organic ligands surrounding the organic-inorganic-hybrid perovskite nanocrystal structure; and adding, to the solution, a second organic ligand which is shorter than the first organic ligands or includes a phenyl group or a fluorine group, thereby substitutes the first organic ligands with the second organic ligand. Thus, since energy transfer or charge injection into the nanocrystal structure increases through ligand substitution, it is possible to further increase light emitting efficiency and increase durability and stability by means of a hydrophobic ligand.

The present disclosure is directed to phosphorus based thermal runaway inhibiting (TRI) materials, the synthesis thereof and an electrochemical cell electrolyte containing the phosphorus based materials.