The invention provides a dye-sensitized solar cell module that is capable of achieving high electrical power. The invention provides a dye-sensitized solar cell module in which photoelectrodes and counter electrodes are disposed opposite to each other in a T-shape via an electrolyte layer.

The present disclosure provides a photovoltaic device and a method for forming the photovoltaic device. The photovoltaic device comprises a first solar cell structure having a photon absorbing layer comprising an organic material having a first bandgap; and a second solar cell structure having a photon absorbing layer comprising a material that has a Perovskite structure and having a second bandgap. The first and second solar cell structures are positioned at least partially onto each other.

Disclosed is a semiconductor-liquid junction based photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell for the unassisted solar splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen gas, the solar-driven reduction of CO.sub.2 to higher-order hydrocarbons, and the solar-driven synthesis of NH.sub.3. The disclosed system can employ a photocathode based upon wurtzite hexagonal semiconductors that can be tailored with proper band alignment for the redox potentials for water, CO.sub.2 reduction, and NH.sub.3 production, and with bandgap energy for maximum solar absorption. The design maximizes the carrier collection efficiency by leveraging spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization in these materials systems to generate hot electrons within the photocathode. These electrons have sufficient excess energy, preserved at a designed energy capture region, to overcome the kinetic overpotential (surface chemistry limitation) required for the reactions to occur at a high rate.

An electrode is presented for use in an oxidation process. The electrode comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface carrying a chiral system. The chiral system is configured for controlling spin of electrons transferred between the substrate and electrolyte during the oxidation process.

An electronic device includes a substrate and at least two electrodes spaced by a nanogap, wherein the at least two electrodes are bridged by at least one nanoparticle and wherein the at least one nanoparticle has an overlap area with the at least two electrodes higher than 2% of the area of the at least one nanoparticle. A method of manufacturing the electronic device and the use of the electronic device in photodetector, transistor, phototransistor, optical modulator, electrical diode, photovoltaic cell or electroluminescent component are also described.

A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) includes a photoanode including a layer of a titanium dioxide, a graphitic carbon nitride, and a cadmium selenide (TiO.sub.2/GCN/CdSe) nanocomposite, a layer of a light absorbing dye, and a transparent glass substrate on which the TiO.sub.2/GCN/CdSe nanocomposite layer and the light absorbing dye layer are coated. The DSSC further includes a counter electrode including a layer of electrically conductive material and a transparent glass substrate, the electrically conductive material is coated on the transparent glass substrate, and an electrolyte between the photoanode and the counter electrode. The TiO.sub.2/GCN/CdSe nanocomposite includes TiO.sub.2 in an amount of 75 to 95 percent by weight (wt. %), GCN in an amount of 5 to 10 wt. %, and CdSe in an amount of 2 to 7 wt. %, based on the total weight of the TiO.sub.2/GCN/CdSe nanocomposite.