An electricity storage device includes a negative electrode having a layered structure that includes an organic backbone layer containing an aromatic compound having an aromatic ring structure, the aromatic compound being in the form of dicarboxylate anions, and an alkali metal element layer containing an alkali metal element coordinated with oxygen in the dicarboxylate anions to form a backbone, a positive electrode that provides electric double-layer capacity, and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution provided between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing an alkali metal salt. The layered structure may be provided in layers by a π-electron interaction of the aromatic compound and may have a monoclinic crystal structure belonging to the space group P2.sub.1/c. The positive electrode may contain activated carbon having a specific surface area of 1,000 m.sup.2/g or more.

An electricity storage device includes a negative electrode having a layered structure that includes an organic backbone layer containing an aromatic compound having an aromatic ring structure, the aromatic compound being in the form of dicarboxylate anions, and an alkali metal element layer containing an alkali metal element coordinated with oxygen in the dicarboxylate anions to form a backbone, a positive electrode that provides electric double-layer capacity, and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution provided between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing an alkali metal salt. The layered structure may be provided in layers by a π-electron interaction of the aromatic compound and may have a monoclinic crystal structure belonging to the space group P2.sub.1/c. The positive electrode may contain activated carbon having a specific surface area of 1,000 m.sup.2/g or more.

Passivation methods and compositions for electrode binders are disclosed. A coated binder particle for use in an electrode film of an energy storage device is provided. The coated binder particle can comprise a coating over the surface of a binder particle, wherein the coating provides ionic insulation to the binder particle. In some embodiments, the coating covers the entire surface of the binder particle. In still further embodiments, a coated binder particle in an energy storage device blocks ionic contact between the binder and an electrolyte.

Passivation methods and compositions for electrode binders are disclosed. A coated binder particle for use in an electrode film of an energy storage device is provided. The coated binder particle can comprise a coating over the surface of a binder particle, wherein the coating provides ionic insulation to the binder particle. In some embodiments, the coating covers the entire surface of the binder particle. In still further embodiments, a coated binder particle in an energy storage device blocks ionic contact between the binder and an electrolyte.

One aspect of the present invention is a solid electrolyte which has a crystal structure attributable to a space group F-43m and contains lithium, phosphorus, sulfur, and an element A, in which the element A is a metal element having an ionic radius of more than 59 pm and 120 pm or less in 4-fold coordination and 6-fold coordination in an ion crystal.

A thin separator for electrochemical elements, which has achieved chemical stability, while maintaining a good balance among short-circuit resistance, resistivity, electrolyte solution impregnability and electrolyte solution retainability of the separator. A separator for electrochemical elements, which is interposed between a pair of electrodes so as to separate the electrodes from each other, and which holds an electrolyte solution. This separator for electrochemical elements is composed of beaten cellulose fibers and thermoplastic synthetic fibers, and has a thickness of 5.0-30.0 μm and a density of 0.50-0.75 g/cm.sup.3; and the thickness X (μm) and the air resistance Y (second/100 ml) of this separator for electrochemical elements satisfy formula 1:
Y≥0.01X.sup.2−0.6X+11.5.

A thin separator for electrochemical elements, which has achieved chemical stability, while maintaining a good balance among short-circuit resistance, resistivity, electrolyte solution impregnability and electrolyte solution retainability of the separator. A separator for electrochemical elements, which is interposed between a pair of electrodes so as to separate the electrodes from each other, and which holds an electrolyte solution. This separator for electrochemical elements is composed of beaten cellulose fibers and thermoplastic synthetic fibers, and has a thickness of 5.0-30.0 μm and a density of 0.50-0.75 g/cm.sup.3; and the thickness X (μm) and the air resistance Y (second/100 ml) of this separator for electrochemical elements satisfy formula 1:
Y≥0.01X.sup.2−0.6X+11.5.

This disclosure provides a battery comprising a cathode and an anode positioned opposite the cathode. A hybrid artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (A-SEI) layer is deposited on the anode and includes a plurality of active components. A blended material is interwoven throughout the plurality of active components and configured to inhibit growth of Lithium (Li) dendritic structures from the anode to the cathode. The blended material includes a combination of crystalline sp.sup.2-bound carbon domains of graphene sheets and a plurality of flexible wrinkle areas positioned at joinder points of two of more of the crystalline sp.sup.2-bound carbon domains of graphene sheets and a polymeric matrix configured to bind the plurality of active components and the blended material together. An electrolyte is in contact with the hybrid A-SEI and the cathode and a separator is positioned between the anode and the cathode. The blended material includes curable carboxylate salts of metals.

A metal ion capacitor with outstanding power capabilities having a negative electrode based on hard carbon (HC) and a positive electrode based on a combination of activated carbon (AC) and a sacrificial salt selected from the group consisting of squarate, oxalate, ketomalonate and di-ketosuccinate or a combination thereof. The sacrificial salt is added to AC in the positive electrode as a source of metal ions for pre-doping the HC and to efficiently compensate its high irreversible capacity by providing the metal ions necessary for the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the hard carbon, allowing for a 1:1 and superior mass balances between anode and cathode. Advantageously, the extraordinary performance of this approach has been successfully demonstrated not only in lithium ion capacitors (LICs) but also in other metal ion capacitors such as sodium and potassium ion capacitors.

A metal ion capacitor with outstanding power capabilities having a negative electrode based on hard carbon (HC) and a positive electrode based on a combination of activated carbon (AC) and a sacrificial salt selected from the group consisting of squarate, oxalate, ketomalonate and di-ketosuccinate or a combination thereof. The sacrificial salt is added to AC in the positive electrode as a source of metal ions for pre-doping the HC and to efficiently compensate its high irreversible capacity by providing the metal ions necessary for the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the hard carbon, allowing for a 1:1 and superior mass balances between anode and cathode. Advantageously, the extraordinary performance of this approach has been successfully demonstrated not only in lithium ion capacitors (LICs) but also in other metal ion capacitors such as sodium and potassium ion capacitors.