A battery and supercapacitor system of a vehicle includes a lithium ion battery (LIB) having first and second electrodes, and a supercapacitor having third and fourth electrodes. A first reference electrode is disposed between the first and second electrodes and is configured to measure a first potential at a location between the first and second electrodes. A second reference electrode is disposed between the third and fourth electrodes and is configured to measure a second potential at a location between the third and fourth electrodes. The first electrode may be connected to the third electrode, and the second electrode may be connected to the fourth electrode. The first and second reference electrodes may not be connected to any of the first, second, third, or fourth electrodes.

The present technology relates to: an electrochemical element which comprises a separator having through-holes formed therein, a through-hole cover material, and a spacer; and a method for using the electrochemical element to evaluate the safety of an energy storage device by means of an internal short circuit. An energy storage device including the electrochemical element according to the present invention is characterized in that: the energy storage device can be restored, after an internal short circuit evaluation test, to a state in which a short circuit has not occurred; and a repeat test and evaluation can be carried out without disassembly and reassembly.

Systems and methods for integrated control and monitoring of charging and cell balancing in a group of ultracapacitors. Monitoring and control circuitry can be configured for built-in monitoring feedback to the charger and the balancing circuits to dynamically improve performance, extend system lifetime, decrease charging time, increase available power and/or energy, and/or enhance safety and reliability of the group of ultracapacitors.

The invention relates to a shunt resistor (2) for detecting the status of an electrical energy storage unit (1), wherein the shunt resistor (2) comprises a first layer (4), a second layer (6) and a third layer (8). According to the invention, the layers (4, 6, 8) are arranged in a layered manner in a stacking direction (V), wherein the second layer (6) is arranged between the first layer (4) and the third layer (8), and wherein the layers (4, 6, 8) are in physical contact with one another at one of the sides having the greatest respective surface area, and wherein the layers (4, 6, 8) are arranged at least partially overlapping.

A frequency converter includes a storage element for storing electrical energy and a detector connected to the storage element and including a pressure sensor and a temperature sensor. The detector detects a physical variable in immediate vicinity of the storage element and provides a signal in accordance with an electrical resistance of the detector when a predefinable change over time of the physical variable is exceeded, with the electrical resistance representing an output of the detector. A housing encloses or substantially encloses the detector and the storage element. Communicating with the detector is an evaluation facility to detect the predefinable change over time of the physical variable. The evaluation facility and/or the detector is/are connected to a higher-level security system designed to decouple and/or to divert the electrical energy from the storage element when the predefinable change over time of the physical variable is exceeded.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to an apparatus for electric energy, storage, control, and use. Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a system for electric energy, storage, control, and use.

A thin-film energy storage device comprising a substrate; a first electrode comprising a fuse portion; a second electrode; an electrolyte between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrical connector, different from the first electrode, connected to the first electrode by the fuse portion.

A thin-film energy storage device comprising a substrate; a first electrode comprising a fuse portion; a second electrode; an electrolyte between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrical connector, different from the first electrode, connected to the first electrode by the fuse portion.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to an energy storage device electrode including a conductive electrode substrate including a main body and at least one plate-shaped tab and an insulating layer coating a surface and a side surface of a base end of the tab.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to an energy storage device electrode including a conductive electrode substrate including a main body and at least one plate-shaped tab and an insulating layer coating a surface and a side surface of a base end of the tab.