A supercapacitor module is provided. In some embodiments, the supercapacitor can include a first supercapacitor, a second supercapacitor, and an interconnect electrically connecting the first and second supercapacitors in series. A casing can encapsulate at least the first and second supercapacitors. The operating voltage of the supercapacitor module can be greater than 3.5 volts, and the equivalent series resistance of the supercapacitor module can be less than about 10 ohm.

A battery pack includes a plurality of unit cells, each including a cylindrical battery case, and a connecting member (12) that connects the unit cells to each other. The battery case of each unit cell includes a bottom surface portion (30b) including a plurality of gas discharging sections (32) that open when an internal pressure of the unit cell reaches a predetermined pressure. The gas discharging sections (32) are separated from each other. The connecting member (12) is joined to a non-opening section (34) of the bottom surface portion (30b), the non-opening section (34) being disposed between the gas discharging sections (32).

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing and a purge valve. The housing defines a cavity and a lumen extending from a volume of the cavity to a volume outside the cavity. The purge valve is disposed within the lumen and includes an occlusion member. A portion of the occlusion member has a width substantially equal to a width of an end portion of the lumen such that the portion of the occlusion member is disposed within the end portion of the lumen when the purge valve is in a first configuration. The portion of the occlusion member being disposed outside the end portion of the lumen when the purge valve is in a second configuration.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a housing and a purge valve. The housing defines a cavity and a lumen extending from a volume of the cavity to a volume outside the cavity. The purge valve is disposed within the lumen and includes an occlusion member. A portion of the occlusion member has a width substantially equal to a width of an end portion of the lumen such that the portion of the occlusion member is disposed within the end portion of the lumen when the purge valve is in a first configuration. The portion of the occlusion member being disposed outside the end portion of the lumen when the purge valve is in a second configuration.

A serviceable energy storage device, such as a capacitor, ultracapacitor or supercapacitor, includes electrodes made from activated carbon produced from a low-cost source, such as thermal coal or another low-cost feedstock. The serviceable energy storage device includes replaceable electrolyte comprising a low-cost co-solvent and salt solution. The activated carbon is manufactured with a pore sizing selected in accordance with the electrolyte such that an electrode material pore configuration matches an ion coupling size of the electrolyte. An improved manufacturing process for the energy storage device is effective at a regular atmospheric environment, allowing the electrolyte to be subsequently replaced at the regular atmospheric environment.

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

An energy storage device according to an aspect of the present invention includes: an electrode assembly in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are stacked with a separator interposed therebetween; an electrolyte solution; and a sealable case for housing the electrode assembly and the electrolyte solution, in which a compressive modulus of elasticity of the separator is 15 MPa or more and an inside of the case is in a negative pressure state.

A gas detection sheet wherein a porous coordination polymer represented by formula (1) is supported on a supporter and the air permeability of the gas detection sheet is 0.8 seconds or more and 60 seconds or less.
Fe.sub.x(pz)[Ni.sub.1-yM.sub.y(CN).sub.4](1)
(wherein, pz=pyrazine, 0.95x<1.05, M=Pd or Pt, 0y<0.15).

A gas detection sheet wherein a porous coordination polymer represented by formula (1) is supported on a supporter and the air permeability of the gas detection sheet is 0.8 seconds or more and 60 seconds or less.
Fe.sub.x(pz)[Ni.sub.1-yM.sub.y(CN).sub.4](1)
(wherein, pz=pyrazine, 0.95x<1.05, M=Pd or Pt, 0y<0.15).