A supercapacitor is provided. The supercapacitor includes an elastic fiber, an internal electrode, a first electrolyte layer, and an external electrode. The internal electrode, the first electrolyte layer, and the external electrode are sequentially wrapped on an outer surface of the elastic fiber. The internal electrode includes a first carbon nanotube film and a NiO@MnO.sub.x composite structure, and the external electrode includes a second carbon nanotube film and a Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 layer.

A method, including irradiating graphene oxide (GO) with a beam of light or radiation to form reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in a three-dimensional (3D) pattern, wherein the RGO is porous RGO with pores having sizes tuned by controlling the beam of light or radiation.

A prelithiated anode may include a current collector may include a metal oxide layer. Prelithiated anodes may in addition include a lithiated storage layer overlaying the metal oxide layer. The lithiated storage layer may be formed by incorporating lithium into a continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 80 atomic % silicon. The lithiated storage layer may include less than 1% by weight of carbon-based binders. The lithiated storage layer may further include lithium in a range of 1% to 90% of a theoretical lithium storage capacity of the continuous porous lithium storage layer. Batteries may include the prelithiated anode.

A prelithiated anode may include a current collector may include a metal oxide layer. Prelithiated anodes may in addition include a lithiated storage layer overlaying the metal oxide layer. The lithiated storage layer may be formed by incorporating lithium into a continuous porous lithium storage layer may include at least 80 atomic % silicon. The lithiated storage layer may include less than 1% by weight of carbon-based binders. The lithiated storage layer may further include lithium in a range of 1% to 90% of a theoretical lithium storage capacity of the continuous porous lithium storage layer. Batteries may include the prelithiated anode.

A conductive composite structure having a metal substrate and a conductive film on a surface of the metal substrate, the conductive film including a layered material of one or plural layers; the one or plural layers being a layer body represented by M.sub.mX.sub.n, where M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; n is not less than 1 and not more than 4; and m is more than n but not more than 5, and a modifier or terminal T exists on a surface of the layer body; and a residue derived from an organic compound having a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, or a combination thereof and having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, is bonded to each of the surface of the metal substrate and a surface of the layer body.

A conductive composite structure having a metal substrate and a conductive film on a surface of the metal substrate, the conductive film including a layered material of one or plural layers; the one or plural layers being a layer body represented by M.sub.mX.sub.n, where M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; n is not less than 1 and not more than 4; and m is more than n but not more than 5, and a modifier or terminal T exists on a surface of the layer body; and a residue derived from an organic compound having a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, or a combination thereof and having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, is bonded to each of the surface of the metal substrate and a surface of the layer body.

A novel electrode and associated method of manufacturing said novel electrode comprising a porous structure having absorbed polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), a self-assembled polypyrole (PPy) layer adjacent to the PSS absorbed porous structure, a self-assembled polyaniline (PANI) layer adjacent to the PPy layer, an electrochemically deposited PANI layer adjacent to the PPy layer and an electrochemically deposited PANI-molybdenum disulfide (PANI-MoS.sub.2) layer adjacent to the electrochemically deposited PANI layer. A supercapacitor and associated method of manufacturing a supercapacitor comprising a first novel electrode and a second novel electrode separated by a polyvinyl gel and a porous separator.

A novel electrode and associated method of manufacturing said novel electrode comprising a porous structure having absorbed polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), a self-assembled polypyrole (PPy) layer adjacent to the PSS absorbed porous structure, a self-assembled polyaniline (PANI) layer adjacent to the PPy layer, an electrochemically deposited PANI layer adjacent to the PPy layer and an electrochemically deposited PANI-molybdenum disulfide (PANI-MoS.sub.2) layer adjacent to the electrochemically deposited PANI layer. A supercapacitor and associated method of manufacturing a supercapacitor comprising a first novel electrode and a second novel electrode separated by a polyvinyl gel and a porous separator.

A dual-function supercapacitor carbon fiber composite stores electrical energy and functions, for example, as the body shell of electric vehicles (EVs). This is achieved with a vertically aligned graphene on carbon fiber electrode, upon which metal oxides were deposited to obtain ultra-high energy density anode and cathode. A high-strength multilayer carbon composite assembly is fabricated using an alternate layer patterning configuration of epoxy and polyacrylamide gel electrolyte. The energized composite delivers a high areal energy density of 0.31 mWh cm.sup.−2 at 0.3 mm thickness and showed a high tensile strength of 518 MPa, bending strength of 477 MPa, and impact strength 2666 J/m. To show application in EVs, a toy car body fabricated with energized composite operates using the energy stored inside the frame. Moreover, when integrated with a solar cell, this composite powered an IoT (interne of things) device, showing feasibility in communication satellites.

Disclosed herein is electrode comprising a current collector comprising a conductor layer having at least a first surface; and elongated metal carbide nanostructures extending from the first surface; and a carbonaceous energy storage media disposed on the first surface and in contact with the elongated metal carbide nanostructures. Disclosed herein too is an ultracapacitor comprising at least one electrode comprising a current collector comprising a conductor layer having at least a first surface; and elongated metal carbide nanostructures extending from the first surface; and a carbonaceous energy storage media disposed on the first surface and in contact with the elongated metal carbide nanostructures.