Ion detectors of the type used in scientific instrumentation, such as mass spectrometers. More particularly, a self-contained particle detector includes an enclosure formed in part by a transmission mode secondary electron emissive element, the enclosure defining an internal environment and an external environment, wherein the transmission mode secondary electron emissive element has an externally facing surface and an internally facing surface and is configured such that impact of a particle on the externally facing surface causes emission of one or more secondary electrons from the internally facing surface.

The invention provides a gain device having a plurality of channels having a polygonal shape with four or more sides. The invention also provides a method for producing microchannel plates (MCPs) having the steps of providing a pre-polymer; and directing a laser over the pre-polymer into a pre-determined pattern. Also provided is method for efficiently 3D printing an object.

The invention provides a gain device having a plurality of channels having a polygonal shape with four or more sides. The invention also provides a method for producing microchannel plates (MCPs) having the steps of providing a pre-polymer; and directing a laser over the pre-polymer into a pre-determined pattern. Also provided is method for efficiently 3D printing an object.

A method of manufacturing a multi-layer image intensifier wafer includes fabricating first and second glass wafers, each having an array of cavities that extend between respective openings in first and second surfaces of the respective glass wafer; doping a semiconductor wafer to generate a plurality of electrons for each electron that impinges a first surface of the semiconductor wafer and to direct the plurality of electrons to a second surface of the semiconductor wafer, bonding a photo-cathode wafer to the first glass wafer; bonding the semiconductor wafer between the first and second glass wafers, and bonding the second glass wafer between the semiconductor wafer and an anode wafer (e.g., a phosphor screen or other electron detector). A section of the multi-layer image intensifier wafer may be sliced and evacuated to provide a multi-layer image intensifier.

A metasurface element includes a support body and a metasurface formed on a surface of the support body. The metasurface includes a metal pattern that is disposed to emit an electron in response to incidence of an electromagnetic wave, and a metal layer that contains an alkali metal and is formed on the metal pattern. The metal layer extends beyond the metal pattern to reach a region on the surface of the support body, the region being not formed with the metal pattern.

A metasurface element includes a support body and a metasurface formed on a surface of the support body. The metasurface includes a metal pattern that is disposed to emit an electron in response to incidence of an electromagnetic wave, and a metal layer that contains an alkali metal and is formed on the metal pattern. The metal layer extends beyond the metal pattern to reach a region on the surface of the support body, the region being not formed with the metal pattern.

An electron multiplier production method including a main body portion, and a channel provided in the main body portion to open at one end surface and the other end surface of the main body portion and emits secondary electrons includes a first step of preparing a main body member including the one end surface and the other end surface, a communicating hole for the channel through which the one end surface and the other end surface communicate being provided in the main body member, a second step of forming the channel by forming a deposition layer including at least a resistive layer on an outer surface of the main body member and an inner surface of the communicating hole using an atomic layer deposition method, and a third step of forming the main body portion by removing the deposition layer formed on the outer surface of the main body member.

An electron multiplier production method including a main body portion, and a channel provided in the main body portion to open at one end surface and the other end surface of the main body portion and emits secondary electrons includes a first step of preparing a main body member including the one end surface and the other end surface, a communicating hole for the channel through which the one end surface and the other end surface communicate being provided in the main body member, a second step of forming the channel by forming a deposition layer including at least a resistive layer on an outer surface of the main body member and an inner surface of the communicating hole using an atomic layer deposition method, and a third step of forming the main body portion by removing the deposition layer formed on the outer surface of the main body member.

The invention provides a gain device having a plurality of channels having a polygonal shape with four or more sides. The invention also provides a method for producing microchannel plates (MCPs) having the steps of providing a pre-polymer; and directing a laser over the pre-polymer into a pre-determined pattern. Also provided is method for efficiently 3D printing an object.

The invention provides a gain device having a plurality of channels having a polygonal shape with four or more sides. The invention also provides a method for producing microchannel plates (MCPs) having the steps of providing a pre-polymer; and directing a laser over the pre-polymer into a pre-determined pattern. Also provided is method for efficiently 3D printing an object.