A field emission device is configured with a grid that includes nanotubes or nanowires. In one embodiment a cathode, an anode, and a nanotube or nanowire grid are responsive to inputs to produce a potential barrier between the grid and at least one of the cathode and the anode such that a set of electrons from the cathode can tunnel through the potential barrier to produce a net current at the anode.

A field emission device is configured with a grid that includes nanotubes or nanowires. In one embodiment a cathode, an anode, and a nanotube or nanowire grid are responsive to inputs to produce a potential barrier between the grid and at least one of the cathode and the anode such that a set of electrons from the cathode can tunnel through the potential barrier to produce a net current at the anode.

A method of manufacturing an ion optical device includes printing the ion optical device in a printing direction from a first end to a second end. The ion optical device includes a first end support at the first end, a first set of rods extending from the first end support and formed with a first set of rings, a second set of rods extending from the first end support and formed with a second set of rings, and a second end support at the second end to which the first and second sets of rods extend. Cutting the first and second end supports away from the ion optical device defines a first electrical circuit through the first set of rods and the first set of rings and a second electrical circuit through the second set of rods and the second set of rings that are electrically isolated from each other.

A method of manufacturing an ion optical device includes printing the ion optical device in a printing direction from a first end to a second end. The ion optical device includes a first end support at the first end, a first set of rods extending from the first end support and formed with a first set of rings, a second set of rods extending from the first end support and formed with a second set of rings, and a second end support at the second end to which the first and second sets of rods extend. Cutting the first and second end supports away from the ion optical device defines a first electrical circuit through the first set of rods and the first set of rings and a second electrical circuit through the second set of rods and the second set of rings that are electrically isolated from each other.