An apparatus for forming a vacuum in a sealed enclosure through an electrochemical reaction includes an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode supported on a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is a Li-ion non-volatile electrolyte containing a dissolved metal salt. The cathode is constructed of a material with which lithium is known to form alloys. The anode is constructed of a lithium-ion containing material. The cell is operable to expose lithium metal on the cathode.

An apparatus for forming a vacuum in a sealed enclosure through an electrochemical reaction includes an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode supported on a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is a Li-ion non-volatile electrolyte containing a dissolved metal salt. The cathode is constructed of a material with which lithium is known to form alloys. The anode is constructed of a lithium-ion containing material. The cell is operable to expose lithium metal on the cathode.

An apparatus and method for preventing the contamination of sensitive accelerator surfaces and preventing deterioration of the accelerator field emission in a linear accelerator. The method includes providing a nanofilter at the inlet of the getter ion pumps connected to the beam line of the linear accelerator. The method includes providing a break in the inlet line, inserting a conflat flange at the break, and sandwiching the nanofilter between the two halves of the conflat flange. The nanofilter includes a maximum pore size of 3 nanometers, thereby preventing contaminants greater than 3 nanometers from flowing from the getter ion pump back to the accelerator system.

An apparatus and method for preventing the contamination of sensitive accelerator surfaces and preventing deterioration of the accelerator field emission in a linear accelerator. The method includes providing a nanofilter at the inlet of the getter ion pumps connected to the beam line of the linear accelerator. The method includes providing a break in the inlet line, inserting a conflat flange at the break, and sandwiching the nanofilter between the two halves of the conflat flange. The nanofilter includes a maximum pore size of 3 nanometers, thereby preventing contaminants greater than 3 nanometers from flowing from the getter ion pump back to the accelerator system.

Disclosed is an x-ray tube including a hybrid electron emission source, which uses, as an electron emission source, a cathode including both a field electron emission source and a thermal electron emission source. An x-ray tube includes an electron emission source emitting an electron beam, and a target part including a target material that emits an x-ray as the emitted electron beam collides with the target part, wherein the electron emission source includes a thermal electron emission source and a field electron emission source, and emits the electron beam by selectively using at least one of the thermal electron emission source and the field electron emission source.

A getter pump is described. The getter pump has a casing, whose shape is a solid of revolution with a revolution axis, and a plurality of getter cartridges mounted within the getter pump casing, each cartridge having a linear central support and spaced getter elements mounted on the linear central support. A getter cartridge orientation plane containing the linear central support and parallel to the revolution axis, and a getter cartridge positioning plane orthogonal to the revolution axis and intersecting the midpoint of a linear central support are defined. For each cartridge, the angle formed by the getter cartridge positioning plane with the linear control supports is equal to or less than 30.

A getter pump is described. The getter pump has a casing, whose shape is a solid of revolution with a revolution axis, and a plurality of getter cartridges mounted within the getter pump casing, each cartridge having a linear central support and spaced getter elements mounted on the linear central support. A getter cartridge orientation plane containing the linear central support and parallel to the revolution axis, and a getter cartridge positioning plane orthogonal to the revolution axis and intersecting the midpoint of a linear central support are defined. For each cartridge, the angle formed by the getter cartridge positioning plane with the linear control supports is equal to or less than 30.

There is provided a pipe in a solar thermal power plant. The pipe includes an inner tube configured for carrying a heated heat transfer fluid, an outer tube surrounding the inner tube, wherein the space between the inner and outer tube is evacuated, and a getter restraint structure configured for maintaining getters in a predetermined position. The getter restraint structure is in contact with the outer tube and otherwise entirely free of contact with the inner tube and/or is in thermal isolation from the inner tube.

Systems and methods for a stabilized evaporable getter for increased handleability is provided. In certain embodiments, a method includes preparing a first getter material, a second getter material, and a metal material. Additionally, the method includes mixing the first getter material, the second getter material, and the metal material into a mixed getter material. Further, the method includes placing the mixed getter material into a getter holder. Also, the heat-treating the getter holder at a temperature below an activation temperature for an exothermic reaction of the mixed getter material but above a melting temperature of the metal material.

Disclosed embodiments include external gettering provided by electronic packaging. An external gettering element for a semiconductor substrate, which may be incorporated as part of an electronic packaging for the structure, is disclosed. Semiconductor structures and stacked semiconductor structures including an external gettering element are also disclosed. An encapsulation mold compound providing external gettering is also disclosed. Methods of fabricating such devices are also disclosed.