The present disclosure relates to devices and methods for enhancing the collection of charge carriers, such as electrons. Methods of manufacturing the devices are also disclosed. An electronic device can include a cathode, an anode, a gate electrode, and a focus electrode. The cathode can include a cathode substrate and an emitting region that is configured to emit an electron flow. The anode can include an anode substrate and a collection region that is configured to receive and/or absorb the electron flow. The gate electrode can be receptive to a first power source to produce a voltage in the gate electrode that is positively-biased with respect to the cathode. The focus electrode can be receptive to a second power source to produce a voltage in the focus electrode that is negatively-biased with respect to the gate electrode and/or the cathode.

The present disclosure relates to devices and methods for enhancing the collection of charge carriers, such as electrons. Methods of manufacturing the devices are also disclosed. An electronic device can include a cathode, an anode, a gate electrode, and a focus electrode. The cathode can include a cathode substrate and an emitting region that is configured to emit an electron flow. The anode can include an anode substrate and a collection region that is configured to receive and/or absorb the electron flow. The gate electrode can be receptive to a first power source to produce a voltage in the gate electrode that is positively-biased with respect to the cathode. The focus electrode can be receptive to a second power source to produce a voltage in the focus electrode that is negatively-biased with respect to the gate electrode and/or the cathode.

A vacuum tube for amplifier circuit includes: a light incidence window that transmits signal light; a photoelectric conversion unit that converts the signal light transmitted through the light incidence window into photoelectrons; an output unit that has an anode, on which the photoelectrons are incident, and outputs a signal corresponding to the incident photoelectrons; and a grid electrode that is disposed in a path of the photoelectrons from the photoelectric conversion unit to the anode and controls the amount of photoelectrons incident on the anode.

A method of manufacturing an article with integral active electronic component includes using an additive manufacturing process to: a) form a non-electrically conductive substrate; b) form a non-electrically conductive perforated layer having an aperture; c) form electrically conductive anode and cathode elements spaced in the aperture; d) deposit a conductive electrical connection to each of the elements suitable for imparting an electrical potential difference between the elements; and e) form a non-electrically conductive sealing layer atop the perforated layer so as to retain and seal the aperture in the perforated layer.

A method of manufacturing an article with integral active electronic component includes using an additive manufacturing process to: a) form a non-electrically conductive substrate; b) form a non-electrically conductive perforated layer having an aperture; c) form electrically conductive anode and cathode elements spaced in the aperture; d) deposit a conductive electrical connection to each of the elements suitable for imparting an electrical potential difference between the elements; and e) form a non-electrically conductive sealing layer atop the perforated layer so as to retain and seal the aperture in the perforated layer.

Described herein are methods and systems relating to an x-ray generation system. In some embodiments, the system includes an electron beam acceleration region that generates an electron beam and accelerates electrons in the beam and a radiation generation region that (i) receives the electron beam and (ii) generates an electric field having an energy of greater than about 10E7 V/m without electrical breakdown of vacuum gaps. The electric field is configured to decelerate electrons in the electron beam sufficiently to generate x-ray energy.

Described herein are methods and systems relating to an x-ray generation system. In some embodiments, the system includes an electron beam acceleration region that generates an electron beam and accelerates electrons in the beam and a radiation generation region that (i) receives the electron beam and (ii) generates an electric field having an energy of greater than about 10E7 V/m without electrical breakdown of vacuum gaps. The electric field is configured to decelerate electrons in the electron beam sufficiently to generate x-ray energy.