Vacuum electron devices (VEDs) having a plurality of two-dimensional layers of various materials are bonded together to form one or more VEDs simultaneously. The two-dimensional material layers are machined to include features needed for device operation so that when assembled and bonded into a three-dimensional structure, three-dimensional features are formed. The two-dimensional layers are bonded together into a sandwich-like structure. The manufacturing process enables incorporation of metallic, magnetic, ceramic materials, and other materials required for VED fabrication while maintaining required positional accuracy and multiple devices per batch capability.

An apparatus for modulating the density of an electron beam as it is emitted from a cathode, comprised of connecting a source of pulsed input power to the input end of a nonlinear transmission line and connecting the output end directly to the cathode of an electron beam diode by a direct electrical connection.

A travelling-wave tube includes an input apparatus, a control circuit, an electron gun, a slow-wave circuit, and an output apparatus. The input apparatus may be configured to receive a radio frequency signal, and feed the radio frequency signal into the slow-wave circuit. The control circuit may be configured to determine a quantity N of electron beams and currents of the N electron beams, and control the electron gun to emit the N electron beams. Further, the slow-wave circuit may perform beam-wave interaction with the N electron beams, to amplify power of the radio frequency signa, and because the slow-wave circuit works in a saturation region, electronic efficiency of the travelling-wave tube can be greater than or equal to a first threshold. The output apparatus may output an amplified radio frequency signal.

A travelling-wave tube includes an input apparatus, a control circuit, an electron gun, a slow-wave circuit, and an output apparatus. The input apparatus may be configured to receive a radio frequency signal, and feed the radio frequency signal into the slow-wave circuit. The control circuit may be configured to determine a quantity N of electron beams and currents of the N electron beams, and control the electron gun to emit the N electron beams. Further, the slow-wave circuit may perform beam-wave interaction with the N electron beams, to amplify power of the radio frequency signa, and because the slow-wave circuit works in a saturation region, electronic efficiency of the travelling-wave tube can be greater than or equal to a first threshold. The output apparatus may output an amplified radio frequency signal.

Provided are a traveling wave tube and a high-frequency circuit system such that the product life span of the traveling wave tube operating in multiple modes can be extended while variations in gain and amplification efficiency that accompany switching of the operation modes can be suppressed. The traveling wave tube comprises: an electron gun equipped with a cathode that releases electrons, and a heater that provides the cathode with heat energy for releasing the electrons; a helix causing an RF signal to interact with an electron beam formed from the electrons released by the electron gun; a collector for catching the electron beam emitted by the helix; an anode whereby the electrons released from the electron gun are guided into the helix; and a magnetic field application device for generating a magnetic field in order to change the diameter of the electron beam, said magnetic field application device being supplied with electric power for generating the magnetic field from the outside.

Disclosed are methods and devices suitable for generating electron beams and pulses of radiation. Specifically, in some disclosed embodiments, multiple emitting electrodes of a ferroelectric emitter are sequentially activated, generating a relatively long electron beam pulse that is substantially a series of substantially consecutive short electron beam pulses generated by the sequentially-activated individual emitting electrodes.

Disclosed are methods and devices suitable for generating electron beams and pulses of radiation. Specifically, in some disclosed embodiments, multiple emitting electrodes of a ferroelectric emitter are sequentially activated, generating a relatively long electron beam pulse that is substantially a series of substantially consecutive short electron beam pulses generated by the sequentially-activated individual emitting electrodes.

Example electron gun, vacuum device, and system are provided. An example electron gun includes a cathode, a focus electrode, and an energy exchange module. The energy exchange module includes an anode port, a signal input port, and an energy exchange unit. An input signal is input from the signal input port of the energy exchange module into the energy exchange unit of the energy exchange module, and energy exchange with the input signal is performed by transmitting an electron beam from the anode port of the energy exchange module to the energy exchange unit of the energy exchange module. The electron beam is generated by the cathode, the focus electrode, and the anode port.

Example electron gun, vacuum device, and system are provided. An example electron gun includes a cathode, a focus electrode, and an energy exchange module. The energy exchange module includes an anode port, a signal input port, and an energy exchange unit. An input signal is input from the signal input port of the energy exchange module into the energy exchange unit of the energy exchange module, and energy exchange with the input signal is performed by transmitting an electron beam from the anode port of the energy exchange module to the energy exchange unit of the energy exchange module. The electron beam is generated by the cathode, the focus electrode, and the anode port.

Vacuum electron devices (VEDs) having a plurality of two-dimensional layers of various materials are bonded together to form one or more VEDs simultaneously. The two-dimensional material layers are machined to include features needed for device operation so that when assembled and bonded into a three-dimensional structure, three-dimensional features are formed. The two-dimensional layers are bonded together into a sandwich-like structure. The manufacturing process enables incorporation of metallic, magnetic, ceramic materials, and other materials required for VED fabrication while maintaining required positional accuracy and multiple devices per batch capability.