The present disclosure includes systems and methods for calibration of an optical sensor package, including setting an initial detection threshold of a detector, gradually increasing a power level of a signal generator that is in communication with a detector to cause a detected power at the detector to exceed the initial detection threshold, storing in a memory a first power level of the signal generator at which the detected power at the detector exceeds the initial detection threshold, and adjusting the initial detection threshold of the detector to an adjusted detection threshold to include a detection buffer amount within the adjusted detection threshold.

A photoconductive switch consisting of an optically actuated photoconductive material, e.g. a wide bandgap semiconductor such as SiC, situated between opposing electrodes. The electrodes are created using various methods in order to maximize reliability by reducing resistive heating, current concentrations and filamentation, and heating and ablation due to the light source. This is primarily accomplished by the configuration of the electrical contact geometry, choice of contacts metals, annealing, ion implantation, creation of recesses within the SiC, and the use of coatings to act as encapsulants and anti-reflective layers.

A printed circuit board includes a first signal line inside a first dielectric layer; a first ground conductor layer and a second ground conductor layer; a second signal line disposed on the first ground conductor layer; a signal via for connecting the first signal line and the second signal line; and ground vias formed surrounding the signal via. The ground vias include first ground vias formed at respective first points, second ground vias formed at respective second points. The first points are placed on the line of a first polygon, and the second points are placed on the line of a second polygon, and the distances between adjacent first points and those between adjacent second points are all equal to or shorter than a first distance, and at least one second point is placed within the first distance from each of the adjacent first points.

A light receiving and emitting element module includes a substrate; a light emitting element and a light receiving element on an upper surface of the substrate; a frame-shaped outer wall that on the upper surface of the substrate; and a light shielding wall that is positioned inside the outer wall and partitions an internal space of the outer wall into spaces respectively corresponding to the light emitting element and the light receiving element. The light shielding wall includes a light emitting element-side shading surface on the light emitting element side, a light receiving element-side shading surface on the light receiving element side, and a lower surface that is connected to each of the light emitting element-side shading surface and the light receiving element-side shading surface, and that faces the substrate. The lower surface has an inclined surface inclined with respect to the upper surface of the substrate.

An optical sensor comprises a light transmitter; a light receiver; an evaluation unit; at least one mirror unit that comprises a plurality of micromirror elements having an at least regionally reflective surface and comprising an electrode arrangement connected to the micromirror elements; and a control device that is configured to adjust the mirror unit between at least two different functional states by controlling the electrode arrangement. The mirror unit comprises an at least substantially transparent substrate at which the micromirror elements are arranged. The control device is configured to temporarily set the mirror unit into a transmission state in which the micromirror elements are in an open position and light radiation incident onto the mirror unit moves past the micromirror elements through the transparent substrate.

A quantum signal detection system includes a signal source configured to emit a transmit signal towards a target, and a photon adder that is configured to add at least one photon to a return signal that reflects from the target to form a combined signal. The combined signal increases a signal to noise ratio of the return signal.

A photographing optical lens assembly includes, in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens element, a second lens element, a third lens element, a fourth lens element and a fifth lens element. The first lens element with positive refractive power has a convex object-side surface. The second lens element with negative refractive power has a convex object-side surface and a concave image-side surface. The third lens element has refractive power. The fourth lens element has refractive power, and an object-side surface and an image-side surface thereof are aspheric. The fifth lens element with negative refractive power has a concave image-side surface, wherein an object-side surface and the image-side surface thereof are aspheric, and at least one of the object-side surface and the image-side surface thereof has at least one inflection point.

The invention relates to a monitoring device (6) for monitoring the environment, in particular for monitoring the environment for radioactive radiation, comprising at least one receiver for receiving measured values of an environmental variable that potentially poses a health hazard and comprising a computing unit (10) for computing a hazard warning (4.1-4.4) dependent on the measured values. The receiver is designed to receive the measured values from a plurality of spatially distributed electronic terminals (2.1-2.4), in particular from mobile telephones with an image sensor for measuring the radioactive radiation. The invention further relates to a corresponding terminal (2.1-2.4) and to a complete monitoring system with a monitoring device and numerous terminals (2.1-2.4) for measuring the environmental variable.

The present disclosure relates to an optical sensor module, an optical sensing accessory, and an optical sensing device. An optical sensor module comprises a light source, a photodetector, an electrode and a substrate. The light source is configured to convert electric power into radiant energy and emit light to an object surface. The photodetector is configured to receive the light from an object surface and convert radiant energy into electrical current or voltage. The electrode is configured to detect an external circuit formed by the contact with an object surface. An optical sensing accessory and an optical sensing device comprise the optical sensor module and other electronic modules to have further applications.

The circuit of detection of light radiation includes a photodetector. The photodetector is coupled to three capacitors by means of three switches. The capacitors are parallel mounted to form a capacitive load whose value of electrical capacity changes as a function of the openings/closures of the switches. This configuration allows to stabilize the voltage present on the output terminal in the detection circuit for a wider range of illumination sustained by photodetector.