A lattice energy converter (LEC) is disclosed that produces ionizing radiation and/or electricity based on the thermal energy in the lattice of a specially prepared working electrode comprised in whole or in part of hydrogen host materials that are occluded with hydrogen or the isotopes of hydrogen and wherein the hydrogen host materials may include vacancies, superabundant vacancies, and other lattice defects. When the hydrogen host material is occluded with hydrogen, the LEC was found to self-initiate the production of ionizing radiation and, when the hydrogen host materials are in fluidic contact with a gas or vapor containing hydrogen or isotopes of hydrogen, the LEC was found to self-sustain the production of ionizing radiation. When the LEC includes one or more additional electrodes or electrode structures, the ionizing radiation was found to be converted to electrical energy. Materials that are normally considered to be radioactive are not required.

A system for controlling a power signal for zero voltage switching (ZVS) includes a voltage zero crossing detection module to detect a zero voltage condition in response to an inverter voltage from a resonant inverter crossing zero volts, and a current zero crossing detection module to detect a zero current condition in response to an inverter current from the resonant inverter crossing zero amps. The system further includes a phase detect module to detect actual phase data corresponding to an actual phase angle between the inverter voltage and the inverter current based on the zero voltage and zero current condition. The system further includes a comparator to determine a phase difference between a desired phase between the inverter voltage and the inverter current and the actual phase angle. The system further includes a controller to adjust a property of a resonant inverter to reduce the phase difference.

A system for controlling a power signal for zero voltage switching (ZVS) includes a voltage zero crossing detection module to detect a zero voltage condition in response to an inverter voltage from a resonant inverter crossing zero volts, and a current zero crossing detection module to detect a zero current condition in response to an inverter current from the resonant inverter crossing zero amps. The system further includes a phase detect module to detect actual phase data corresponding to an actual phase angle between the inverter voltage and the inverter current based on the zero voltage and zero current condition. The system further includes a comparator to determine a phase difference between a desired phase between the inverter voltage and the inverter current and the actual phase angle. The system further includes a controller to adjust a property of a resonant inverter to reduce the phase difference.

A lighting element with a gaseous tritium light source and an elongated plastic housing that at least partially encloses the gaseous tritium light source with its housing shell and forms a latching element that snaps together with the gaseous tritium light source, which can be inserted into the plastic housing, and holds it in the plastic housing. A rugged lighting element can be produced if the latching element is formed by at least one catch element, which catch element has a radially sprung flexible spring and at least one, preferably two, inwardly oriented snaps with an indentation for snapping together with the gaseous tritium light source.

A lighting element with a gaseous tritium light source and an elongated plastic housing that at least partially encloses the gaseous tritium light source with its housing shell and forms a latching element that snaps together with the gaseous tritium light source, which can be inserted into the plastic housing, and holds it in the plastic housing. A rugged lighting element can be produced if the latching element is formed by at least one catch element, which catch element has a radially sprung flexible spring and at least one, preferably two, inwardly oriented snaps with an indentation for snapping together with the gaseous tritium light source.

An excimer bulb assembly, with an excimer bulb, at least one integral captured reflector, and an integral filter such that the excimer bulb only emits substantial UV radiation between 200 nm and 230 nm, using a filter that passes light from about 200 nm to 234 nm (+/−2 nm).

An excimer bulb assembly, with an excimer bulb, at least one integral captured reflector, and an integral filter such that the excimer bulb only emits substantial UV radiation between 200 nm and 230 nm, using a filter that passes light from about 200 nm to 234 nm (+/−2 nm).

An excimer bulb assembly, with an excimer bulb, at least one integral captured reflector, and an integral filter such that the excimer bulb only emits substantial UV radiation between 200 nm and 230 nm, using a filter that passes light from about 200 nm to 234 nm (+/−2 nm).

An excimer bulb assembly, with an excimer bulb, at least one integral captured reflector, and an integral filter such that the excimer bulb only emits substantial UV radiation between 200 nm and 230 nm, using a filter that passes light from about 200 nm to 234 nm (+/−2 nm).

A rare gas lamp device is disclosed. The rare gas lamp device includes: a lamp body provided in a shape of a cylinder to contain a rare gas and a fluorescent material for emitting light; a plurality of cap electrodes fixed to both ends of the lamp body; a plurality of band electrodes extending in a length direction from the plurality of cap electrodes and arranged opposite to each other with respect to a center axis of the lamp body, and positioned on a circumferential surface of the lamp body, wherein a light-emitting area of the lamp body is an exposed surface of the circumferential surface of the lamp body between the plurality of band electrodes; a spring holder coupled with each of the plurality of cap electrodes and configured to apply a voltage to the band electrodes through the plurality of cap electrodes, the spring holder including a first fixing part configured to support a first side of the cap electrode, a second fixing part configured to support a second side of the cap electrode, and an inserting opening formed between a first end of the first fixing part and a first end of the second fixing part such that the cap electrode is inserted in the inserting opening; and a stopper protruding from each of the plurality of cap electrodes, wherein, when each of the plural of cap electrodes is inserted through the inserting opening, the stopper is interfered by the first end of the first fixing part or the first end of the second fixing part to restrict the light-emitting area from rotating about the center axis of the lamp body.