An ion implantation system including an ion source for use in creating an ion beam is disclosed. The ion source has an ion source arc chamber housing that confines a high density concentration of ions within the chamber housing. An extraction member defining an appropriately configured extraction aperture allows ions to exit the source arc chamber. In a preferred embodiment, the extraction member defines a tailored extraction aperture shape for modifying an ion beam profile and producing a substantially uniform beam current across a dimension of the ion beam. The extraction aperture member defines an aperture in the form of an elongated slit having a width that varies, with wide ends and a narrow middle. The midsection of the extraction aperture has a narrower width than the opposite end sections. The tailored shape of the extraction aperture includes a central portion having a first width dimension, and first and second distal portions extending from opposite sides of the central portion, the opposed distal portions having a second width dimension that is greater than the first width dimension of the central portion.

Aspects of the disclosure relate to apparatus for the fabrication of waveguides. In one example, an angled ion source is utilized to project ions toward a substrate to form a waveguide which includes angled gratings. In another example, an angled electron beam source is utilized to project electrons toward a substrate to form a waveguide which includes angled gratings. Further aspects of the disclosure provide for methods of forming angled gratings on waveguides utilizing an angled ion beam source and an angled electron beam source.

Aspects of the disclosure relate to apparatus for the fabrication of waveguides. In one example, an angled ion source is utilized to project ions toward a substrate to form a waveguide which includes angled gratings. In another example, an angled electron beam source is utilized to project electrons toward a substrate to form a waveguide which includes angled gratings. Further aspects of the disclosure provide for methods of forming angled gratings on waveguides utilizing an angled ion beam source and an angled electron beam source.

Aspects of the disclosure relate to apparatus for the fabrication of waveguides. In one example, an angled ion source is utilized to project ions toward a substrate to form a waveguide which includes angled gratings. In another example, an angled electron beam source is utilized to project electrons toward a substrate to form a waveguide which includes angled gratings. Further aspects of the disclosure provide for methods of forming angled gratings on waveguides utilizing an angled ion beam source and an angled electron beam source.

Aspects of the disclosure relate to apparatus for the fabrication of waveguides. In one example, an angled ion source is utilized to project ions toward a substrate to form a waveguide which includes angled gratings. In another example, an angled electron beam source is utilized to project electrons toward a substrate to form a waveguide which includes angled gratings. Further aspects of the disclosure provide for methods of forming angled gratings on waveguides utilizing an angled ion beam source and an angled electron beam source.

A method of forming a semiconductor device may include providing a semiconductor device structure. The semiconductor device structure may include semiconductor fins pitched at a fin pitch on a substrate and a mask, disposed over the semiconductor fins, the mask defining a plurality of openings. The semiconductor device structure may further include an isolation oxide disposed on the substrate, between the semiconductor fins. The method may further include directing angled ions into the at least one of the plurality of openings. The angled ions may form at least one trench between at least one pair of the semiconductor fins, in the substrate below the isolation oxide between the at least one pair of the semiconductor fins. Furthermore, a width within the substrate of the at least one trench is greater than a minimum fin pitch and greater than a width of the at least one trench above the substrate.

A charged particle beam source for a surface processing apparatus is disclosed. The charged particle beam source comprises: a plasma chamber; a plasma generation unit adapted to convert an input gas within the plasma chamber into a plasma containing charged particles; and a grid assembly adjacent an opening of the plasma chamber. The grid assembly comprises one or more grids each having a plurality of apertures therethrough, the one or more grids being electrically biased in use so as to accelerate charged particles from the plasma through the grid(s) to thereby output a charged particle beam, the major axis of which is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the grid assembly. The transmissivity of the or each grid to the charged particles is defined by the relative proportion of aperture area to non-aperture area, and at least one of the grids has a transmissivity which varies across the grid along a first direction, the transmissivity being lower adjacent a first extremity of the grid than adjacent a second extremity of the grid opposite the first extremity, the first direction lying parallel to the plane of the grid assembly, such that in use the charged particle beam output by the source has a non-uniform charged particle current density profile in a plane parallel to the plane of the grid assembly which varies along the first direction, the charged particle current density being lower adjacent a first edge of the beam than adjacent a second edge of the beam opposite the first edge.

A multi-beam apparatus for observing a sample with high resolution and high throughput is proposed. In the apparatus, a source-conversion unit changes a single electron source into a virtual multi-source array, a primary projection imaging system projects the array to form plural probe spots on the sample, and a condenser lens adjusts the currents of the plural probe spots. In the source-conversion unit, the image-forming means is on the upstream of the beamlet-limit means, and thereby generating less scattered electrons. The image-forming means not only forms the virtual multi-source array, but also compensates the off-axis aberrations of the plurality of probe spots.

This invention provides a charged particle source, which comprises an emitter and means for generating a magnetic field distribution. The magnetic field distribution is minimum, about zero, or preferred zero at the tip of the emitter, and along the optical axis is maximum away from the tip immediately. In a preferred embodiment, the magnetic field distribution is provided by dual magnetic lens which provides an anti-symmetric magnetic field at the tip, such that magnetic field at the tip is zero.

A method may include providing a substrate, comprising a patterning layer. The method may include forming a first pattern of first linear structures in the patterning layer, the first linear structures being elongated along a first direction. The method may include forming a mask over the patterning layer, the mask comprising a second pattern of second linear structures, elongated along a second direction, forming a non-zero angle with respect to the first direction. The method may include selectively removing a portion of the patterning layer while the mask is in place, wherein a first etch pattern is formed in the patterning stack, the first etch pattern comprising a two-dimensional array of cavities. The method may include directionally etching the first etch pattern using an angled ion beam, wherein a second etch pattern is formed, comprising the two-dimensional array of cavities, elongated along the first direction.