The invention discloses a conductive paste for forming the electrode on the surface of solar cell, which contains conductive powder, mixed glass and organic phase; wherein, the mixed glass comprises the following two types of glass components: the first type of glass is at least one selected from the tellurium glass which does not contain lead substantially and having tellurium, bismuth, lithium as the essential component; The second type of glass is at least one kind of lead silicate glass, which having lead and silicon as essential components and does not contain tellurium substantially. The invention also provides a solar cell prepared by printing the conductive paste as a surface electrode and a manufacturing method of the solar cell. The solar cell made of the conductive paste of this invention has good EL performance in inspection, excellent ohmic contact of the cell, high cell conversion efficiency, better reliability, and strong bonding strength, the adhesion performance is taken into account while improving reliability and ohmic contact.

The invention discloses a conductive paste for forming the electrode on the surface of solar cell, which contains conductive powder, mixed glass and organic phase; wherein, the mixed glass comprises the following two types of glass components: the first type of glass is at least one selected from the tellurium glass which does not contain lead substantially and having tellurium, bismuth, lithium as the essential component; The second type of glass is at least one kind of lead silicate glass, which having lead and silicon as essential components and does not contain tellurium substantially. The invention also provides a solar cell prepared by printing the conductive paste as a surface electrode and a manufacturing method of the solar cell. The solar cell made of the conductive paste of this invention has good EL performance in inspection, excellent ohmic contact of the cell, high cell conversion efficiency, better reliability, and strong bonding strength, the adhesion performance is taken into account while improving reliability and ohmic contact.

A method of making a photovoltaic module includes the step of obtaining a frontsheet having a glass layer, a light scattering encapsulant layer, and a polymer layer. The light scattering encapsulant layer includes a first region, a plurality of first portions extending from the first region, and at least one area located between the first portions. The first portions of the light scattering encapsulant layer has a first light scattering value and a second portion defined by the area has a second light scattering value different from the first light scattering value. The method includes the steps of obtaining at least one solar cell, an encapsulant, and a backsheet, and laminating the frontsheet, the encapsulant, the at least one solar cell, and the backsheet.

A monolithic multi-junction solar cell comprising a first III-V subcell and a second III-V subcell and a third III-V subcell and a fourth Ge subcell, wherein the subcells are stacked on top of one another in the specified order, and the first subcell forms the top subcell and a metamorphic buffer is formed between the third subcell and the fourth subcell and all subcells each have an n-doped emitter layer and a p-doped base layer and the emitter doping in the second subcell is lower than the base doping.

According to one embodiment, a photovoltaic cell module includes a light guide including a first main surface, a second main surface, a first side surface, a second side surface, a third side surface and a fourth side surface, an optical element opposing the second main surface, containing a cholesteric liquid crystal forming a reflective surface inclined with respect to the second main surface, and configured to reflect at least a part of light entering from the first main surface toward the light guide, a photovoltaic cell opposing the first side surface and a reflective member opposing the second side surface, the third side surface and the fourth side surface.

A structure composed of multiple layers that consist of 7 stages of photon and electron management, enhancement, and conversion for the purposes of photovoltaic applications is described. The invention consists of one or more layers comprised of: 1) an energy dependent up and down conversion layer optimized for a particular wavelength such as infrared; 2) a layer for multiple implementations of light capturing and trapping; 3) a layer for photonic and plasmonic enhancement of captured and trapped light; 4) a layer for converting photons to electrons; 5) a layer for multiplying electrons; 6) a layer for storing generated electrons; and 7) a layer for using electrons for power. One or more layers may serve simultaneous purposes.

A structure composed of multiple layers that consist of 7 stages of photon and electron management, enhancement, and conversion for the purposes of photovoltaic applications is described. The invention consists of one or more layers comprised of: 1) an energy dependent up and down conversion layer optimized for a particular wavelength such as infrared; 2) a layer for multiple implementations of light capturing and trapping; 3) a layer for photonic and plasmonic enhancement of captured and trapped light; 4) a layer for converting photons to electrons; 5) a layer for multiplying electrons; 6) a layer for storing generated electrons; and 7) a layer for using electrons for power. One or more layers may serve simultaneous purposes.

A photovoltaic module has at least one solar cell, wherein the solar cell is enclosed by an encapsulation apparatus, and an electrolysis unit for dehumidifying the interior of the encapsulation apparatus. The electrolysis unit has a cathode, an anode, and an ion conductor connecting the cathode and the anode. The electrolysis unit is designed to cleave water in hydrogen and oxygen. A method for dehumidifying a photovoltaic module is accomplished by the electrolysis unit.

A photovoltaic module has at least one solar cell, wherein the solar cell is enclosed by an encapsulation apparatus, and an electrolysis unit for dehumidifying the interior of the encapsulation apparatus. The electrolysis unit has a cathode, an anode, and an ion conductor connecting the cathode and the anode. The electrolysis unit is designed to cleave water in hydrogen and oxygen. A method for dehumidifying a photovoltaic module is accomplished by the electrolysis unit.

Described herein is a photovoltaic module, which includes PV cells capable of converting light incoming from a front side and from a rear side (3) and a transparent rear side including a rear surface carrying a structured layer (9), where the lower surface of the structured layer (9) is the lower surface of the module, and where the surface of layer (9) is structured by parallel V-shaped grooves of depth h2 or less than h2, where the lateral faces of the grooves of depth less than h2 form a groove angle beta and adjacent faces of neighbouring grooves form a peak of apex angle alpha, characterized in that h2 is from the range 5 to 200 micrometer, and each pair of neighbouring grooves includes one groove of depth h2 and one groove of depth (h2−h1), where h1 ranges from 0.1 h2 to 0.9 h2.