A DNA or genome sequencing structure is disclosed. The structure includes an electrode pair, each electrode having a tip-shaped end, the electrodes separated by a nanogap defined by facing tip-shaped ends; at least one conductive island deposited at or near each tip-shaped end; and a biomolecule having two ends, each end attached to the conductive islands in the electrode pair such that one biomolecule bridges over the nanogap in the electrode pair, wherein nucleotide interactions with the biomolecule provides electronic monitoring of DNA or genome sequencing without the use of a fluorescing element.

A DNA or genome sequencing structure is disclosed. The structure includes an electrode pair, each electrode having a tip-shaped end, the electrodes separated by a nanogap defined by facing tip-shaped ends; at least one conductive island deposited at or near each tip-shaped end; and a biomolecule having two ends, each end attached to the conductive islands in the electrode pair such that one biomolecule bridges over the nanogap in the electrode pair, wherein nucleotide interactions with the biomolecule provides electronic monitoring of DNA or genome sequencing without the use of a fluorescing element.

An electrochemical cell having a positive electrode; a negative electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrochemical cell contains reversible ions in an amount sufficient to maintain a negative electrode potential verses reference level below a negative electrode damage threshold potential of the cell and a positive electrode potential verses reference level above a positive electrode damage threshold potential of the cell under an applied load at a near zero cell voltage state, such that the cell is capable of recharge from the near zero cell voltage state, and method for its production is disclosed.

An electrochemical cell having a positive electrode; a negative electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrochemical cell contains reversible ions in an amount sufficient to maintain a negative electrode potential verses reference level below a negative electrode damage threshold potential of the cell and a positive electrode potential verses reference level above a positive electrode damage threshold potential of the cell under an applied load at a near zero cell voltage state, such that the cell is capable of recharge from the near zero cell voltage state, and method for its production is disclosed.

Disclosed are electrochemical cells and methods of use or operation. In one aspect there is disclosed a method for management of an electrochemical cell, the method comprising operating the electrochemical cell at an operational voltage that is below or about the thermoneutral voltage for an electrochemical reaction. In another aspect there is disclosed an electrochemical cell comprising electrodes, an electrolyte between the electrodes, and a catalyst applied to at least one of the electrodes to facilitate an electrochemical reaction at an operational voltage of the electrochemical cell that is below or about the thermoneutral voltage for the electrochemical reaction. Also disclosed are various catalysts for the electrochemical cell comprising mixtures of various catalytic materials and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Disclosed are electrochemical cells and methods of use or operation. In one aspect there is disclosed a method for management of an electrochemical cell, the method comprising operating the electrochemical cell at an operational voltage that is below or about the thermoneutral voltage for an electrochemical reaction. In another aspect there is disclosed an electrochemical cell comprising electrodes, an electrolyte between the electrodes, and a catalyst applied to at least one of the electrodes to facilitate an electrochemical reaction at an operational voltage of the electrochemical cell that is below or about the thermoneutral voltage for the electrochemical reaction. Also disclosed are various catalysts for the electrochemical cell comprising mixtures of various catalytic materials and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Disclosed are electrochemical cells and methods of use or operation at high pressure, in which one or more gas-producing electrodes operate in a manner that is bubble-free or substantially bubble-free. Disclosed is a method for producing a gas in an electrochemical cell, and the electrochemical cell itself, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises a gas-producing electrode and a counter electrode being separated by an electrolyte. The method comprises creating an electrolyte pressure greater than or equal to 10 bar during operation of the electrochemical cell, and producing the gas wherein substantially no bubbles of the gas are formed at the gas-producing electrode. Preferably, there is no diaphragm or ion exchange membrane positioned between the gas-producing electrode and the counter electrode. In another example, the electrochemical cell is operated without a gas compressor. The gas-producing electrode and/or the counter electrode is a gas diffusion electrode.

Disclosed are electrochemical cells and methods of use or operation at high pressure, in which one or more gas-producing electrodes operate in a manner that is bubble-free or substantially bubble-free. Disclosed is a method for producing a gas in an electrochemical cell, and the electrochemical cell itself, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises a gas-producing electrode and a counter electrode being separated by an electrolyte. The method comprises creating an electrolyte pressure greater than or equal to 10 bar during operation of the electrochemical cell, and producing the gas wherein substantially no bubbles of the gas are formed at the gas-producing electrode. Preferably, there is no diaphragm or ion exchange membrane positioned between the gas-producing electrode and the counter electrode. In another example, the electrochemical cell is operated without a gas compressor. The gas-producing electrode and/or the counter electrode is a gas diffusion electrode.

Disclosed are electrochemical cells and methods of use or operation, in which one or more gas-producing electrodes operate in a manner that is bubble-free or substantially bubble-free. Disclosed are electrochemical cells and methods of operation or use under conditions of intermittent and/or fluctuating currents. In one aspect there is provided a method for operating an electrochemical cell, and an electrochemical cell, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises: a gas-producing electrode; a counter electrode, the gas-producing electrode and the counter electrode being separated by an electrolyte. Preferably there is also provided one or more void volumes. The method comprises: supplying an intermittent and/or fluctuating current to at least the gas-producing electrode; and producing a gas at the gas-producing electrode as a result of an electrochemical reaction. Preferably the gas is received by the one or more void volumes.

Disclosed are electrochemical cells and methods of operation. In one aspect is disclosed an electrochemical cell that has a liquid-electrolyte or a gel-electrolyte, the cell comprising: an electrode, preferably a gas diffusion electrode; a busbar attached to a current collector of the electrode; and a second electrode to which the first electrode is connected in electrical series. In another aspect is disclosed a plurality of electrochemical cells, comprising: a first electrochemical cell comprising a first cathode and a first anode, wherein at least one of the first cathode and the first anode is a gas diffusion electrode; a second electrochemical cell comprising a second cathode and a second anode, wherein at least one of the second cathode and the second anode is a gas diffusion electrode; wherein, the first cathode is electrically connected in series to the second anode by an electron conduction pathway.