The disclosed technology generally relates to energy storage devices, and more particularly to redox batteries. In one aspect, a redox battery comprises a first half cell and a second half cell. The first half cell comprises a positive electrolyte reservoir comprising a first electrolyte contacting a positive electrode and has dissolved therein a first redox couple configured to undergo a first redox half reaction. The second half cell comprises a negative electrolyte reservoir comprising a second electrolyte contacting a negative electrode and has dissolved therein a second redox couple configured to undergo a second redox half reaction. The redox battery additionally comprises an ion exchange membrane separating the positive electrolyte reservoir and the negative electrolyte reservoir. The first half cell, the second half cell and the ion exchange membrane define a redox battery cell that is sealed in a casing.

An automotive or other power system including a flow cell, in which the stack that provides power is readily isolated from the storage vessels holding the cathode slurry and anode slurry (alternatively called fuel) is described. A method of use is also provided, in which the fuel tanks are removable and are separately charged in a charging station, and the charged fuel, plus tanks, are placed back in the vehicle or other power system, allowing fast refueling. The technology also provides a charging system in which discharged fuel is charged. The charged fuel can be placed into storage tanks at the power source or returned to the vehicle. In some embodiments, the charged fuel in the storage tanks can be used at a later date. The charged fuel can be transported or stored for use in a different place or time.

An automotive or other power system including a flow cell, in which the stack that provides power is readily isolated from the storage vessels holding the cathode slurry and anode slurry (alternatively called fuel) is described. A method of use is also provided, in which the fuel tanks are removable and are separately charged in a charging station, and the charged fuel, plus tanks, are placed back in the vehicle or other power system, allowing fast refueling. The technology also provides a charging system in which discharged fuel is charged. The charged fuel can be placed into storage tanks at the power source or returned to the vehicle. In some embodiments, the charged fuel in the storage tanks can be used at a later date. The charged fuel can be transported or stored for use in a different place or time.

A bipolar plate, has a base area and raised structures provided thereon. The raised structures each have a first region and a second region. The first region is designed to penetrate into a gas diffusion layer that is to be brought into contact with the bipolar plate and to increase the contact area between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer. The second region is between the base area of the bipolar plate and the first region of the raised structures. The first region and/or the second region is/are of such a form and/or arrangement that the base area of the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer are kept apart.

A bipolar plate, has a base area and raised structures provided thereon. The raised structures each have a first region and a second region. The first region is designed to penetrate into a gas diffusion layer that is to be brought into contact with the bipolar plate and to increase the contact area between the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer. The second region is between the base area of the bipolar plate and the first region of the raised structures. The first region and/or the second region is/are of such a form and/or arrangement that the base area of the bipolar plate and the gas diffusion layer are kept apart.

A electrochemical device includes a membrane electrode assembly, a gas diffusion layer positioned on one side of the membrane electrode assembly, and a porous transport layer positioned on an opposite side of the membrane electrode assembly. A thermoplastic film is impregnated within outer peripheral edges of the gas diffusion layer and the porous transport layer to form an electrochemical assembly with a sealed outer edge. A method of forming a an electrochemical device is also disclosed.

A electrochemical device includes a membrane electrode assembly, a gas diffusion layer positioned on one side of the membrane electrode assembly, and a porous transport layer positioned on an opposite side of the membrane electrode assembly. A thermoplastic film is impregnated within outer peripheral edges of the gas diffusion layer and the porous transport layer to form an electrochemical assembly with a sealed outer edge. A method of forming a an electrochemical device is also disclosed.

An anion exchange membrane is made by mixing 2 trifluoroMethyl Ketone [nominal] (1.12 g, 4.53 mmol), 1 BiPhenyl (0.70 g, 4.53 mmol), methylene chloride (3.0 mL), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFSA) (3.0 mL) to produce a pre-polymer. The pre-polymer is then functionalized to produce an anion exchange polymer. The pre-polymer may be functionalized with trimethylamine in solution with water. The pre-polymer may be imbibed into a porous scaffold material, such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene to produce a composite anion exchange membrane.

An anion exchange membrane is made by mixing 2 trifluoroMethyl Ketone [nominal] (1.12 g, 4.53 mmol), 1 BiPhenyl (0.70 g, 4.53 mmol), methylene chloride (3.0 mL), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFSA) (3.0 mL) to produce a pre-polymer. The pre-polymer is then functionalized to produce an anion exchange polymer. The pre-polymer may be functionalized with trimethylamine in solution with water. The pre-polymer may be imbibed into a porous scaffold material, such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene to produce a composite anion exchange membrane.

A gas diffusion electrode may be provided comprising an electron conducting layer with a first side and an opposite second side, wherein the first side is provided with a microstructuring, wherein the gas diffusion electrode additionally has a hydrophobic membrane with a first side and an opposite second side, wherein the second side of the membrane is arranged on the first side of the electron conducting layer. A battery or an accumulator or an electrolyser or a galvanic cell may be provided with a gas diffusion electrode of this type.