A DNA or genome sequencing structure is disclosed. The structure includes an electrode pair, each electrode having a tip-shaped end, the electrodes separated by a nanogap defined by facing tip-shaped ends; at least one conductive island deposited at or near each tip-shaped end; and a biomolecule having two ends, each end attached to the conductive islands in the electrode pair such that one biomolecule bridges over the nanogap in the electrode pair, wherein nucleotide interactions with the biomolecule provides electronic monitoring of DNA or genome sequencing without the use of a fluorescing element.

A DNA or genome sequencing structure is disclosed. The structure includes an electrode pair, each electrode having a tip-shaped end, the electrodes separated by a nanogap defined by facing tip-shaped ends; at least one conductive island deposited at or near each tip-shaped end; and a biomolecule having two ends, each end attached to the conductive islands in the electrode pair such that one biomolecule bridges over the nanogap in the electrode pair, wherein nucleotide interactions with the biomolecule provides electronic monitoring of DNA or genome sequencing without the use of a fluorescing element.

Catalyst comprising a first layer having an outer layer with a layer comprising Pt directly thereon, wherein the first layer has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 30 nanometers, and wherein the layer. Catalysts described herein are useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Catalyst comprising a first layer having an outer layer with a layer comprising Pt directly thereon, wherein the first layer has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 30 nanometers, and wherein the layer. Catalysts described herein are useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

This battery body unit 10 for a redox flow battery performs charging and discharging by circulating an electrolyte in which active materials are dissolved to a battery cell 3 comprising electrodes 1 containing nanomaterials, an ion exchange membrane 2, and bipolar plates. The battery body unit 10 for the redox flow battery comprises an outer frame body 4, and the following which are installed inside the outer frame body 4: the battery cell 3; inner pipes (internal electrolyte going-way pipe 5, internal electrolyte returning-way pipe 6) that circulate the electrolyte to the battery cell 4; and electrolyte exchange members 7 forming a portion of the path of the inner pipes. The electrolyte exchange member 7 has a connection part 7a that connects to an external electrolyte going-way pipe 12 and a connection part 7b that connects to an external electrolyte returning-way pipe 13. The connection part 7b that connects to the external electrolyte returning-way pipe 13 is provided with a filter member 8 that does not allow nanomaterials to pass through, thus establishing a sealed system for the nanomaterials that prevents the nanomaterials from flowing out of the battery body unit 10.

This battery body unit 10 for a redox flow battery performs charging and discharging by circulating an electrolyte in which active materials are dissolved to a battery cell 3 comprising electrodes 1 containing nanomaterials, an ion exchange membrane 2, and bipolar plates. The battery body unit 10 for the redox flow battery comprises an outer frame body 4, and the following which are installed inside the outer frame body 4: the battery cell 3; inner pipes (internal electrolyte going-way pipe 5, internal electrolyte returning-way pipe 6) that circulate the electrolyte to the battery cell 4; and electrolyte exchange members 7 forming a portion of the path of the inner pipes. The electrolyte exchange member 7 has a connection part 7a that connects to an external electrolyte going-way pipe 12 and a connection part 7b that connects to an external electrolyte returning-way pipe 13. The connection part 7b that connects to the external electrolyte returning-way pipe 13 is provided with a filter member 8 that does not allow nanomaterials to pass through, thus establishing a sealed system for the nanomaterials that prevents the nanomaterials from flowing out of the battery body unit 10.

The present invention relates to a proton ceramic fuel cell which has a hydrogen-permeable film as an anode and in which an electrolyte material is BaZr.sub.xCe.sub.1-x-yY.sub.zO.sub.3 (x=0.1 to 0.8, z=0.1 to 0.25, x+z1.0) (BZCY). An electron-conducting oxide thin film having a film thickness of 1-100 nm is present between a cathode and an electrolyte comprising the material. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a proton ceramic fuel cell having a hydrogen-permeable film as an anode. The method comprises forming a thin film having a thickness of 1-100 nm between a cathode and an electrolyte comprising BZCY, the thin film comprising an electron-conducting oxide. The present invention provides a novel means for improving the output of a PCFC in which BZCY is used in an electrolyte material, and provides a PCFC having an output that exceeds a benchmark of 0.5 W cm.sup.2 at 500 C.

The present invention relates to a proton ceramic fuel cell which has a hydrogen-permeable film as an anode and in which an electrolyte material is BaZr.sub.xCe.sub.1-x-yY.sub.zO.sub.3 (x=0.1 to 0.8, z=0.1 to 0.25, x+z1.0) (BZCY). An electron-conducting oxide thin film having a film thickness of 1-100 nm is present between a cathode and an electrolyte comprising the material. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a proton ceramic fuel cell having a hydrogen-permeable film as an anode. The method comprises forming a thin film having a thickness of 1-100 nm between a cathode and an electrolyte comprising BZCY, the thin film comprising an electron-conducting oxide. The present invention provides a novel means for improving the output of a PCFC in which BZCY is used in an electrolyte material, and provides a PCFC having an output that exceeds a benchmark of 0.5 W cm.sup.2 at 500 C.

Methods are provided for tailoring multi-step chemical reactions having competing elementary steps using a strained catalyst. In various aspects, a layered piezo-catalytic system is provided, and may include a metal catalyst overlayer disposed on a piezo-electric substrate. The methods include applying a voltage bias to the piezo-electric substrate of the piezo-catalytic system resulting in a strained catalyst having an altered catalytic activity as a result of one or both of a compressive stress and tensile stress. The methods include exposing reagents for at least one step of the multi-step chemical reaction to the strained catalyst, and catalyzing the at least one step of the multi-step chemical reaction. In various aspects, the methods may include using an oscillating voltage bias applied to the piezo-electric substrate.

Methods are provided for tailoring multi-step chemical reactions having competing elementary steps using a strained catalyst. In various aspects, a layered piezo-catalytic system is provided, and may include a metal catalyst overlayer disposed on a piezo-electric substrate. The methods include applying a voltage bias to the piezo-electric substrate of the piezo-catalytic system resulting in a strained catalyst having an altered catalytic activity as a result of one or both of a compressive stress and tensile stress. The methods include exposing reagents for at least one step of the multi-step chemical reaction to the strained catalyst, and catalyzing the at least one step of the multi-step chemical reaction. In various aspects, the methods may include using an oscillating voltage bias applied to the piezo-electric substrate.