A metal-hydrogen battery includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode includes a bi-functional catalyst to catalyze both hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen oxidation reaction at the second electrode.

Described is a fuel cell comprising an electrode catalyst assembly, and a two-dimensional (2D) amorphous carbon, wherein the 2D amorphous carbon has a crystallinity (C)?0.8.

Described is a fuel cell comprising an electrode catalyst assembly, and a two-dimensional (2D) amorphous carbon, wherein the 2D amorphous carbon has a crystallinity (C)?0.8.

A method includes of manufacturing a nickel alloy includes providing nickel alloy components in powdered form and in a selected ratio and melting the nickel alloy components using an electron beam, using selected parameters, to generate a spongy metal catalyst precursor alloy material.

A method includes of manufacturing a nickel alloy includes providing nickel alloy components in powdered form and in a selected ratio and melting the nickel alloy components using an electron beam, using selected parameters, to generate a spongy metal catalyst precursor alloy material.

Described is a composite material composed of an atomically thin (single layer) amorphous carbon disposed on top of a substrate (metal, glass, oxides) and methods of growing and differentiating stem cells.

Described is a composite material composed of an atomically thin (single layer) amorphous carbon disposed on top of a substrate (metal, glass, oxides) and methods of growing and differentiating stem cells.

A porous metal that comprises platinum and has a specific surface area that is greater than 5 m.sup.2/g and less than 75 m.sup.2/g. A fuel cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, and an electrolyte arranged between the first and the second electrodes. At least one of the first and second electrodes is coated with a porous metal catalyst for oxygen reduction, and the porous metal catalyst comprises platinum and has a specific surface area that is greater than 5 m.sup.2/g and less than 75 m.sup.2/g. A method of producing a porous metal according to an embodiment of the current invention includes producing an alloy consisting essentially of platinum and nickel according to the formula Pt.sub.xNi.sub.1-x, where x is at least 0.01 and less than 0.3; and dealloying the alloy in a substantially pH neutral solution to reduce an amount of nickel in the alloy to produce the porous metal.

A porous metal that comprises platinum and has a specific surface area that is greater than 5 m.sup.2/g and less than 75 m.sup.2/g. A fuel cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, and an electrolyte arranged between the first and the second electrodes. At least one of the first and second electrodes is coated with a porous metal catalyst for oxygen reduction, and the porous metal catalyst comprises platinum and has a specific surface area that is greater than 5 m.sup.2/g and less than 75 m.sup.2/g. A method of producing a porous metal according to an embodiment of the current invention includes producing an alloy consisting essentially of platinum and nickel according to the formula Pt.sub.xNi.sub.1-x, where x is at least 0.01 and less than 0.3; and dealloying the alloy in a substantially pH neutral solution to reduce an amount of nickel in the alloy to produce the porous metal.

An electrode includes a proton conducting electrolyte phase, an electronic conducting phase, and a metal catalyst, metal alloy catalyst, or metal oxide catalyst in contact with each of the phases. The electronic conducting phase is infiltrated with the proton conducting electrolyte phase such that the phases form a solid nanocomposite with bulk electronic conductivity.