A composite containing a fluorine-containing copolymer, an alkali metal salt, and an ionic liquid. The fluorine-containing copolymer essentially contains: a structural unit represented by formula (1): —[CR.sup.1R.sup.2—CR.sup.3R.sup.4]— wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently H, F, Cl, CF.sub.3, or OR.sup.10, where R.sup.10 is an organic group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is F; and a structural unit represented by formula (2): —[CR.sup.5R.sup.6—CR.sup.7R.sup.8]— wherein R.sup.5 to R.sup.8 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a functional group containing a heteroatom other than the fluorine atom, or a group containing the functional group. At least one of R.sup.5 to R.sup.8 is a functional group containing a heteroatom other than the fluorine atom or a group containing the functional group, and the composite has a volatile content of 0.1 mass % or less.

Provided are a composite that can be suitably used as an electrolyte in polymer-based solid-state batteries, and various electrochemical devices using the composite. The composite includes a fluorine-containing elastomer and an alkali metal salt as essential components, wherein the fluorine-containing elastomer is an amorphous fluorine-containing elastomer having a glass transition temperature of 25° C. or less, and the composite has a volatile content of 0.1 mass % or less with respect to the entire composite.

The disclosure relates to a metal electrode or current collector for an energy storage device. The surface of the electrode or the current collector includes multiple blind hole-like recesses spaced apart from each other. The surface structured in this way is coated with a solid polymer electrolyte. The recesses are filled with the solid polymer electrolyte, as well as a primary or secondary energy storage device including the same.

An electrochemical cell having a composite alkali ion-conductive electrolyte membrane. Generally, the cell includes a catholyte compartment and an anolyte compartment that are separated by the composite alkali ion-conductive electrolyte membrane. The composite electrolyte membrane includes a layer of alkali ion-conductive material and one or more layers of alkali intercalation compound which is chemically stable upon exposure to a chemically reactive anolyte solution or catholyte solution thereby protecting the layer of alkali ion-conductive material from unwanted chemical reaction. The layer of alkali intercalation compound conducts alkali ions. The cell may operate and protect the alkali ion-conductive material under conditions that would be adverse to the material if the intercalation compound were not present. The composite membrane may include a cation conductor layer having additional capability to protect the composite electrolyte membrane from adverse conditions.

Approaches herein provide a device, such as a battery protection device, including a cathode current collector and an anode current collector provided atop a substrate, a cathode provided atop the cathode current collector, and an electrolyte layer provided over the cathode. An interlayer, such as one or more layers of silicon, antimony, magnesium, titanium, magnesium lithium, and/or silver lithium, is formed over the electrolyte layer. An anode contact layer, such as an anode or anode current collector, is then provided over the interlayer. By providing the interlayer atop the electrolyte layer prior to anode contact layer deposition, lithium from the cathode side alloys with the interlayer, thus providing a more isotropic or uniaxial detachment of the anode contact layer.

A polymer gel electrolyte containing at least a lithium salt and an aprotic solvent, in which an amorphous polymer layer is formed on the surface of an electrode active material.

A metal-air battery includes: an anode including a metal; a cathode spaced apart from the anode; and a separator between the anode and the cathode, wherein the cathode includes a first cathode layer including a first conductive material, and a second cathode layer disposed on the first cathode layer, the second cathode layer including a second conductive material, and wherein the first cathode layer provides a metal ion conduction path and the second cathode layer provides an electron transfer path.

A metal-air battery includes: an anode including a metal; a cathode spaced apart from the anode; and a separator between the anode and the cathode, wherein the cathode includes a first cathode layer including a first conductive material, and a second cathode layer disposed on the first cathode layer, the second cathode layer including a second conductive material, and wherein the first cathode layer provides a metal ion conduction path and the second cathode layer provides an electron transfer path.

A lithium battery as a secondary battery includes a positive electrode composite material containing a solid electrolyte and a positive electrode active material containing lithium, a negative electrode as an electrode provided at one face of the positive electrode composite material, and a current collector provided at another face of the positive electrode composite material, wherein the solid electrolyte is a garnet-type fluorine-containing lithium composite metal oxide that is represented by the following compositional formula (1) or (2) and that conducts lithium.
(Li.sub.7−3xGa.sub.x)(La.sub.3−yNd.sub.y)Zr.sub.2O.sub.12−zF.sub.z   (1)
(Li.sub.7−3x+yGa.sub.x)(La.sub.3−yCa.sub.y)Zr.sub.2O.sub.12−zF.sub.z   (2) Provided that 0.1≤x≤1.0, 0<y≤0.2, and 0<z≤1.0.

An electrochemical device is claimed and disclosed, including a method of manufacturing the same, comprising an environmentally sensitive material, such as, for example, a lithium anode; and a plurality of alternating thin metallic and ceramic, blocking sub-layers. The multiple metallic and ceramic, blocking sub-layers encapsulate the environmentally sensitive material. The device may include a stress modulating layer, such as for example, a Lipon layer between the environmentally sensitive material and the encapsulation layer.