An energy system for providing electrical energy to a device where the energy system includes: a first battery for providing a first electrical power over a first time period; a second battery for providing a second electrical power over a second time period, the second battery being a type different from a type of the first battery, the second power being greater than the first power and the second time period being smaller than the first time period; and a controller for controlling initiation of the first battery and the second battery at predetermined times to satisfy a specific power requirement of the device over a time period including the first and second time periods.

An electrically powered vehicle includes a target battery that is externally chargeable and externally power feedable, a sensor that detects a temperature of the target battery, and a controller that performs charging control, discharging control, and temperature increase control of the target battery. The temperature increase control is control for increasing a temperature of the target battery by selecting any of external electric power and battery power and generating heat with the selected electric power. The controller receives a leveling signal that requests for power leveling. When the temperature of the target battery is lower than a first temperature during external power feed requested by the leveling signal, the controller performs the temperature increase control by using battery power before the external power feed requested by the leveling signal.

Presented are passive temperature control systems for thermal management of electrical components, methods for making/using such thermal management systems, and aircraft equipped with smart-material activated temperature control systems for passive cooling of battery modules. A thermal management system is presented for passively cooling an electrical component stored inside a module housing. The thermal management system includes a cooling chamber that movably attaches adjacent a module housing that contains an electrical component, such as a rechargeable battery module. The cooling chamber contains a sublimable cooling agent, such as dry ice. A biasing member biases the cooling chamber away from the module housing. A smart material actuator is attached to and interposed between the cooling chamber and module housing. The smart material actuator extracts thermal energy from the module housing and, once heated to a phase transformation temperature, contracts and thereby pulls the cooling chamber into contact with the module housing.

A metal-air battery and methods for generating electricity in a metal-air battery are described herein. The battery and the method includes heating an anhydrous salt to obtain a molten salt electrolyte; contacting the molten salt electrolyte to at least one cathode communicating with air; reducing air at the cathode to obtain oxygen ions for diffusing through the molten salt electrolyte; oxidizing at least one metal anode by the oxygen ions in the electrolyte thereby generating electricity and forming a metal anode oxide; and cooling at least one section of the metal-air battery for precipitating the metal anode oxide.

An electrode structure includes a first electrode unit, a second electrode unit and a first insulating frame, in which the electrode units are adjacent to each other. The first insulating unit has an airflow space therein and includes an electrically conducive base with an airflow plane and an air cell cathode disposed on an outer surface of the airflow plane. The second insulating unit includes an electrically conductive base and an air cell anode disposed on an outer surface of the electrically conductive base. The first insulating frame spaces and joins the adjacent electrode units to each other such that the air cell cathode and the air cell anode of the adjacent electrode units are opposed to each other. The first insulating frame together with the adjacent electrode units forms an electrolytic solution container.

Various systems for cooling a battery cell array are described. In one example an energy storage system includes a housing enclosing a battery cell array, an evaporator, and a circulating pump. In another example, an evaporator is adjacent to battery cells to facilitate heat transfer. In another example, thermoelectric elements are positioned adjacent to battery cells to facilitate heat transfer.

A battery cooling system includes: a cooling circuit; a power transmission device disposed in the cooling circuit, the power transmission device including a gear; a drivetrain oil having an electric insulating property and being used for lubrication of the gear, the drivetrain oil circulating in the cooling circuit; a battery unit disposed in the cooling circuit, the battery unit including a module case that houses a plurality of battery cells; a pump disposed in the cooling circuit; and a radiator disposed in the cooling circuit, the radiator releasing heat from the drivetrain oil flowing in the cooling circuit. The drivetrain oil performs direct heat exchange inside the power transmission device and flows through an inside of the module case and performs direct heat exchange with the battery cells.

An electric vehicle includes a power supply placed under a floor panel, a cooler placed under the power supply, a heat transfer material that is sandwiched and compressed between the power supply and the cooler, a protective board that has higher rigidity than the cooler, and is attached to a bottom of the power supply, to cover the cooler from an underside, and an elastic body that is sandwiched and compressed between the cooler and the protective board.

Various systems for cooling a battery cell array are described. In one example an energy storage system includes a housing enclosing a battery cell array, an evaporator, and a circulating pump. In another example, an evaporator is adjacent to battery cells to facilitate heat transfer. In another example, thermoelectric elements are positioned adjacent to battery cells to facilitate heat transfer.

Various systems for cooling a battery cell array are described. In one example an energy storage system includes a housing enclosing a battery cell array, an evaporator, and a circulating pump. In another example, an evaporator is adjacent to battery cells to facilitate heat transfer. In another example, thermoelectric elements are positioned adjacent to battery cells to facilitate heat transfer.