Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable battery for the power grid to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and/or operationally efficient solution to energy source variability and/or energy demand variability. In particular, the systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable primary battery solution that addresses bulk seasonal energy storage needs, variable demand needs, and other challenges.

A system for collecting flue gas from a combustion process wherein the flue gas has elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and converting it into electrical power and useful by-products. Kinetic energy of flue gas is used to power a wind turbine that is coupled to a generator to generate electricity. A scrubber isolates CO2 from other components of the flue gas. The CO2 is converted and stored in carbonic acid solution. The carbonic acid solution is then provided to a galvanic cell that generates electrical power and converts the reactant materials in the cell into useful by-products.

A metal-air battery may include a housing, at least one hollow-cylindrical cathode arranged in the housing between an air chamber and an electrolyte chamber, and at least one metallic anode arranged in the electrolyte chamber. The battery may also include an air path leading through the housing from an air inlet to an air outlet of the housing, both of which may be fluidically connected to the air chamber, and an air supply device for generating an air flow following the air path and impinging on the cathode. The battery may further include an electrolyte path leading through the housing from an electrolyte inlet to an electrolyte outlet of the housing, both of which may be fluidically connected to the electrolyte chamber, and an electrolyte supply device for generating an electrolyte flow following the electrolyte path and impinging on the anode and the cathode.

An anode for an aluminum-air battery may include an anode body, which may contain particles of an aluminum alloy in a sodium matrix. An electrolyte for an aluminum-air battery may consist of one of an aqueous acid and an aqueous lye containing at least one halogen and at least one surfactant.

Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable battery for the power grid to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and/or operationally efficient solution to energy source variability and/or energy demand variability. In particular, the systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable primary battery solution that addresses bulk seasonal energy storage needs, variable demand needs, and other challenges.

Aspects of the invention are related to a system for replacing electrolyte in a battery. The system comprising: a first tank for holding off-board electrolyte and a second tank for receiving on-board electrolyte. The system further includes fluid conduits to connect the first tank and the second tank to the battery and a controller to control transfer of the on-board electrolyte from the battery to the second tank and to control transfer of off-board electrolyte from the first tank to the battery.

Methods of regenerating a metal fuel in a regenerative electrochemical energy storage device are provided. The method includes: (a) providing an anode comprising oxidizable metal fuel; (b) regenerating dendritic metal fuel from the oxidized metal fuel, comprising enhancing dendrite formation of the metal fuel with an additive; and (c) storing the regenerated dendritic metal fuel, comprising suppressing corrosion of the regenerated particulate metal fuel with the additive. The regenerative electrochemical energy storage device may be regenerative metal-air fuel system or a rechargeable alkaline-metal battery. The metal fuel may be dendritic zinc.

An anaerobic aluminum-water electrochemical cell that includes: a plurality of electrode stacks, each electrode stack comprising an aluminum or aluminum alloy anode, and at least one solid cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; a liquid electrolyte between the anode and the at least one cathode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks, the electrolyte, and the physical separators; and a water injection port, in the housing, configured to introduce water into the housing. The electrolyte includes a hydroxide base at a concentration of at least 0.05 M to at most 3 M.

A system and a method for heating a component of an electric vehicle may be particularly beneficial in cold weather places and/or during winter time. The vehicle may be primarily powered by a main battery. The system may include a supplementary battery being metal-air battery including an electrolyte, for extending the driving range of the electric vehicle and a reservoir tank for holding an electrolyte volume for the metal-air battery, the electrolyte may be heated to a desired temperature. The system may further include a heat exchanger for conveying heat from the electrolyte volume, said heat is conveyable to said passenger's cabin.

A metal-air battery may include a housing, at least one cathode disposed in the housing between an air space and an electrolyte space, and at least one metal anode disposed in the electrolyte space. The battery may also include an air path leading through the housing from an air inlet to an air outlet of the housing, both of which may be fluidically connected to the air space, and an air supply device for generating an air flow which may follow the air path and act upon the cathode. The battery may further include an electrolyte path leading through the housing from an electrolyte inlet to an electrolyte outlet of the housing, both of which may be fluidically connected to the electrolyte space, and an electrolyte supply device for producing an electrolyte flow which may follow the electrolyte path and act upon the anode and the cathode.