A redox flow battery includes a positive terminal, a negative terminal, and a solid state ionic conductive membrane on a macro porous support scaffold between the positive terminal and the negative terminal.

A redox flow battery includes a positive terminal, a negative terminal, and a solid state ionic conductive membrane on a macro porous support scaffold between the positive terminal and the negative terminal.

A redox flow battery includes a tank configured to store an electrolyte and a distribution mechanism to distribute the electrolyte to a battery cell. The tank has a partition portion partitioning a space inside the tank into a first space and a second space, the distribution mechanism has a distribution passage through which the electrolyte is distributed between the first space and the second space via the battery cell, and the partition portion is composed of a flexible material.

A redox flow battery includes a tank configured to store an electrolyte and a distribution mechanism to distribute the electrolyte to a battery cell. The tank has a partition portion partitioning a space inside the tank into a first space and a second space, the distribution mechanism has a distribution passage through which the electrolyte is distributed between the first space and the second space via the battery cell, and the partition portion is composed of a flexible material.

A method for producing a microporous material comprising the steps of: providing an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE); providing a filler; providing a processing plasticizer; adding the filler to the UHMWPE in a mixture being in the range of from about 1:9 to about 15:1 filler to UHMWPE by weight; adding the processing plasticizer to the mixture; extruding the mixture to form a sheet from the mixture; calendering the sheet; extracting the processing plasticizer from the sheet to produce a matrix comprising UHMWPE and the filler distributed throughout the matrix; stretching the microporous material in at least one direction to a stretch ratio of at least about 1.5 to produce a stretched microporous matrix; and subsequently calendering the stretched microporous matrix to produce a microporous material which exhibits improved physical and dimensional stability properties over the stretched microporous matrix.

A battery bank for a redox flow battery having a cavity in which electrolyte is stored, wherein the electrolyte is provided for supply to one or more redox flow cells, wherein the cavity is a cavern.

A battery bank for a redox flow battery having a cavity in which electrolyte is stored, wherein the electrolyte is provided for supply to one or more redox flow cells, wherein the cavity is a cavern.

A redox flow battery operation method that performs charge and discharge by circulating an electrolyte between a tank and a first battery cell, the method includes a main process performing the charge at a current density greater than or equal to 250 mA/cm.sup.2.

A redox flow battery operation method that performs charge and discharge by circulating an electrolyte between a tank and a first battery cell, the method includes a main process performing the charge at a current density greater than or equal to 250 mA/cm.sup.2.

A composite proton conductive membrane, comprising an inorganic filler having covalently bonded acidic functional groups and a high surface area of at least 150 m.sup.2/g; and a water insoluble ionically conductive polymer. This membrane provides advantages over traditional polymeric proton conductive membranes for redox flow battery, fuel cell, and electrolysis applications include: 1) enhanced proton conductivity/permeance due to the formation of additional nanochannels for proton conducting; 2) improved proton/electrolyte selectivity for redox flow battery application; 3) reduced membrane swelling and gas or electrolyte crossover; 4) improved chemical stability; 5) increased cell operation time with stable performance, and 6) reduced membrane cost.