A method and systems are provided for utilizing black powder to form an electrolyte for a flow battery. In an exemplary method the black powder is heated under an inert atmosphere to form Fe.sub.3O.sub.4. The Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 is dissolved in an acid solution to form an electrolyte solution. A ratio of iron (II) to iron (III) is adjusted by a redox process.

A method and systems are provided for utilizing black powder to form an electrolyte for a flow battery. In an exemplary method the black powder is heated under an inert atmosphere to form Fe.sub.3O.sub.4. The Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 is dissolved in an acid solution to form an electrolyte solution. A ratio of iron (II) to iron (III) is adjusted by a redox process.

A manufacturing method of a proton battery and a proton battery module are provided. The manufacturing method of the proton battery includes the steps of providing a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a polymer exchange membrane, and assembling the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the polymer exchange membrane, in which the polymer exchange membrane is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The step of providing the negative electrode at least includes forming a carbon layer on a substrate, and performing a polarization process on the carbon layer.

Cation exchange membranes and materials including silica-based ceramics, and associated methods, are provided. In some aspects, cation exchange membranes that include a silica-based ceramic that forms a coating on and/or within a porous support membrane are described. The cation exchange membranes and materials may have certain structural or chemical attributes (e.g., pore size/distribution, chemical functionalization) that, alone or in combination, can result in advantageous performance characteristics in any of a variety of applications for which selective transport of positively charged ions through membranes/materials is desired. In some embodiments, the silica-based ceramic contains relatively small pores (e.g., substantially spherical nanopores) that may contribute to some such advantageous properties. In some embodiments, the cation exchange membrane or material includes sulfonate and/or sulfonic acid groups covalently bound to the silica-based ceramic.

Disclosed are a membrane-electrode assembly for fuel cells and a method of manufacturing the same. The membrane-electrode assembly for fuel cells may include an electrolyte membrane including a phosphonic acid functionalized graphene oxide in order to improve the mechanical strength and proton conductivity thereof and a method of manufacturing the same.

Disclosed are a membrane-electrode assembly for fuel cells and a method of manufacturing the same. The membrane-electrode assembly for fuel cells may include an electrolyte membrane including a phosphonic acid functionalized graphene oxide in order to improve the mechanical strength and proton conductivity thereof and a method of manufacturing the same.

Metal chelates, methods of making the metal chelate, electrolyte formulations comprising metal chelates, and electrochemical devices for energy storage using or including at least one metal chelate are disclosed. The disclosure also relates to a method to provide a metal to an electrolyte in a flow battery to plate an electrode while the electrode is in the battery.

Metal chelates, methods of making the metal chelate, electrolyte formulations comprising metal chelates, and electrochemical devices for energy storage using or including at least one metal chelate are disclosed. The disclosure also relates to a method to provide a metal to an electrolyte in a flow battery to plate an electrode while the electrode is in the battery.

An electrolyzer system includes an anticorrosive, conductive material including a first oxide having oxygen vacancies and a formula (Ia): MgTi.sub.2O.sub.5-δ (Ia), where δ is any number between 0 and 3 including a fractional part denoting the oxygen vacancies; and a second oxide having a formula (II): Ti.sub.aO.sub.b (II), where 1<=a<=20 and 1<=b<=30, optionally including a fractional part, the first and second oxides of formulas (Ia) and (II) forming a polycrystalline matrix within the electrolyzer system.

An electrolyte sheet for solid oxide fuel cells that includes a ceramic plate body having a warpage height of not more than 300 μm, wherein a maximum value among values of 100×Q/L.sub.X, 100×R/L.sub.Y, and 100×S/L.sub.X is not greater than 1, where Q is a maximum difference between a second side D.sub.2 and a second virtual straight line V.sub.2 in an X coordinate, R is a maximum difference between a third side D.sub.3 and a third virtual straight line V.sub.3 in a Y coordinate, S is a maximum difference between a fourth side D.sub.4 and a fourth virtual straight line V.sub.4 in the X coordinate, L.sub.X is a length of a virtual rectangle in an X-axis direction, and Ly is a length of the virtual rectangle in a Y-axis direction.