Systems and methods for energy storage system are provided. The system includes a particle regeneration subsystem for applying electrical energy to regenerate metallic particulate fuel; a fuel storage subsystem for storing metallic particulate fuel, the fuel storage subsystem in fluid communication with the particle regeneration subsystem; and a power generation subsystem for producing electrical energy from the metallic particulate fuel, the power generation subsystem in fluid communication with the fuel storage subsystem; a bearer electrolyte for transporting the metallic particulate fuel through the particle regeneration subsystem, the fuel storage subsystem and the power generation subsystem; and a control unit configured to independently control flow of the bearer electrolyte between the particle regeneration subsystem and the fuel storage subsystem, and the fuel storage subsystem and the power generation subsystem.

Disclosed is a fuel supplying apparatus, for a direct carbon fuel cell, which has improved output density by ensuring the flow properties of an anode medium. The fuel supplying apparatus for a direct carbon fuel cell comprises: a flow pipe which forms it cylindrical flow path in the vertical direction around a tube-shaped cell contained in an anode medium in which a carbon fuel is mixed; and a bubbling means which provides a gas from below the flow pipe to the inside of the anode medium and thus enables the anode medium to flow by the vertical flow of the gas. Consequently, the anode medium is provided to the anode of the tube-shaped cell by the flow.

[Problem to be Solved] To provide a vanadium active material solution which has a vanadium active material concentration of 2.5 M or more in a sulfuric acid solution including a dispersoid (suspensible material), can stably maintain high energy density based on the concentration, and can respond also to fast charge and discharge, and to provide a vanadium redox battery using the active material solution.

[Solution] The above problem is solved by a vanadium active material solution comprising a vanadium compound, which is an active material, as a solute and a dispersoid, wherein the total concentration of vanadium is 2.5 M or more. Here, in a negative electrolyte, the vanadium compound comprises one or both of bivalent and trivalent vanadium. In a positive electrolyte, the vanadium compound comprises one or both of quadrivalent and pentavalent vanadium. In an active material solution, the vanadium compound comprises one or both of trivalent and quadrivalent vanadium. The average diameter of the dispersoid is in the range of 1 nm or more and 100 μm or less.

A method of charging a metal-air fuel cell. The method includes a step of orienting an anode chamber horizontally. The method further method includes a step of providing metal particles suspended in an electrolyte to flow through the anode chamber in a downstream direction oriented horizontally. The method further method includes a step of allowing a bed of the metal particles to form on the anode current collector. The plurality of particle collectors perturb the flow of electrolyte through the anode chamber and encourage settling of the particles one of on and between the particle collectors. The method further method includes a step of maintaining uniform formation of the bed.

A device and a method for providing electricity to an electric motor for propulsion of a vehicle are provided. The method comprises the features of feeding Energy Carriers (EC) in the shape of particles having a first oxidation state (I) from a first container on board the vehicle to an Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). The EC are reacted at the SOFC to change the oxidation state from the first oxidation (I) to the second oxidation state (II) while producing electric energy. The EC is thereafter fed from the SOFC to a second container on board the vehicle. A reversed reaction is enabled on board the vehicle, e.g., by applying a voltage to the SOFC to reverse the reaction, and the EC are reacted to change its oxidation state from its second oxidation state (II) back to its first oxidation state (I) before the EC is returned to the first container. A system for performing the method is also provided.

One embodiment provides a method for predicting maintenance of a redox flow battery, the method including: receiving, from a plurality of sensors, data regarding characteristics of the redox flow battery; weighting, using a processor, each of the characteristics to form an estimated state parameter for the redox flow battery; and determining, using the processor, a maintenance action for the redox flow battery using the estimated state parameter. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A method of producing oil, gas, and ash fertilizer from a feedstock includes inputting the feedstock into a reaction chamber having a wall, and combusting the feedstock in the reaction chamber. An electrical current flow is induced between the reaction chamber wall and the feedstock so as to cause arcing in the feedstock within the reaction chamber. Ash reaction byproducts migrate downward through the reaction chamber onto ash support structure, which is substantially electrically isolated from the reaction chamber wall. Gas and liquid reaction byproducts migrate upward through the reaction chamber to an upper chamber by a partial vacuum in the upper chamber, and are evacuated therefrom. The oil and gas are then separated from the evacuated gas/liquid products, providing the oil and the gas products. The oil is refinable, the gas is high in energy content, and the ash fertilizer is high in nitrogen.

The invention provides flow batteries including an anthraquinone and methods of discharging the batteries that reduce loss of capacity. The loss of capacity of anthraquinones may be mitigated by controlling the state of charge and/or oxidizing the negolyte.

Systems and methods for energy storage system are provided. The system includes a particle regeneration subsystem for applying electrical energy to regenerate metallic particulate fuel; a fuel storage subsystem for storing metallic particulate fuel, the fuel storage subsystem in fluid communication with the particle regeneration subsystem; and a power generation subsystem for producing electrical energy from the metallic particulate fuel, the power generation subsystem in fluid communication with the fuel storage subsystem; a bearer electrolyte for transporting the metallic particulate fuel through the particle regeneration subsystem, the fuel storage subsystem and the power generation subsystem; and a control unit configured to independently control flow of the bearer electrolyte between the particle regeneration subsystem and the fuel storage subsystem, and the fuel storage subsystem and the power generation subsystem.

A feedstock gas, such as natural gas, is introduced into a mixing chamber. A combustible gas is introduced into a combustion chamber, for example simultaneously to the introduction of the feedstock gas. Thereafter, the combustible gas is ignited so as to cause the combustible gas to flow into the mixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between the combustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to mix with the feedstock gas. The mixing of the combustible gas with the feedstock gas causes one or more products to be produced.