Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a liquid delivery apparatus. A non-limiting example of the apparatus includes a substrate including a cavity formed in a surface of the substrate. The apparatus can also include a membrane disposed on the surface of the substrate covering an opening of the cavity. The apparatus can also include a hydrophobic layer disposed on the membrane. The apparatus can also include a seal disposed between the membrane and the substrate, wherein the seal surrounds the opening of the cavity. The apparatus can also include an electrode layer coupled to the membrane.

In one embodiment, systems and methods include using a battery to provide electrical charge to a vehicle. The battery comprises a first half of a housing coupled comprising one or more air vents and an anode disposed at least partially within the first half of the housing. The battery further comprises a second half of the housing comprising one or more air vents, wherein the anode extends from the first half of the housing and into the second half of the housing. The battery further comprises a pair of cathodes disposed within the second half of the housing, wherein the pair of cathodes extends from the second half of the housing and into the first half of the housing, wherein the anode is disposed between the pair of cathodes, wherein there is a gap between the anode and each one of the pair of cathodes.

In one embodiment, systems and methods include using a battery to provide electrical charge to a vehicle. The battery comprises a first half of a housing coupled comprising one or more air vents and an anode disposed at least partially within the first half of the housing. The battery further comprises a second half of the housing comprising one or more air vents, wherein the anode extends from the first half of the housing and into the second half of the housing. The battery further comprises a pair of cathodes disposed within the second half of the housing, wherein the pair of cathodes extends from the second half of the housing and into the first half of the housing, wherein the anode is disposed between the pair of cathodes, wherein there is a gap between the anode and each one of the pair of cathodes.

A flow battery system with a cathode cell including a first electrode, an anode cell includes a second electrode, and a membrane between the two cells. A first electrolyte tank includes a catholyte. A second electrolyte tank includes an anolyte. The system includes two rebalancing cells. A first rebalancing cell is in fluid communication between the cathode cell and the first electrolyte tank and is configured to reduce active species from the catholyte. The second rebalancing cell is in fluid communication with the first electrolyte tank and the second electrolyte tank such that the first electrolyte tank and the second electrolyte tank are in direct fluid communication. The second rebalancing cell is configured to reduce active species from the catholyte and the reduced catholyte may be combined directly with the anolyte. The second rebalancing cell may be a chemical reactor, a catalytic reactor, or an electrochemical reactor.

A flow battery system with a cathode cell including a first electrode, an anode cell includes a second electrode, and a membrane between the two cells. A first electrolyte tank includes a catholyte. A second electrolyte tank includes an anolyte. The system includes two rebalancing cells. A first rebalancing cell is in fluid communication between the cathode cell and the first electrolyte tank and is configured to reduce active species from the catholyte. The second rebalancing cell is in fluid communication with the first electrolyte tank and the second electrolyte tank such that the first electrolyte tank and the second electrolyte tank are in direct fluid communication. The second rebalancing cell is configured to reduce active species from the catholyte and the reduced catholyte may be combined directly with the anolyte. The second rebalancing cell may be a chemical reactor, a catalytic reactor, or an electrochemical reactor.

An apparatus for manufacturing a battery cell to enhance the electrolyte wettability to an electrode assembly in the battery cell is provided. The apparatus includes a battery cell tray in which one or more preliminary battery cells are housed and an excitation unit which makes a contact opposite to contacting one side of the battery cell tray to apply megasonic vibration to the preliminary battery cell in a state in which the preliminary battery cell is housed. A method for manufacturing a battery cell using the apparatus is also provided.

An apparatus for manufacturing a battery cell to enhance the electrolyte wettability to an electrode assembly in the battery cell is provided. The apparatus includes a battery cell tray in which one or more preliminary battery cells are housed and an excitation unit which makes a contact opposite to contacting one side of the battery cell tray to apply megasonic vibration to the preliminary battery cell in a state in which the preliminary battery cell is housed. A method for manufacturing a battery cell using the apparatus is also provided.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a liquid delivery apparatus. A non-limiting example of the apparatus includes a substrate including a cavity formed in a surface of the substrate. The apparatus can also include a membrane disposed on the surface of the substrate covering an opening of the cavity. The apparatus can also include a hydrophobic layer disposed on the membrane. The apparatus can also include a seal disposed between the membrane and the substrate, wherein the seal surrounds the opening of the cavity. The apparatus can also include an electrode layer coupled to the membrane.

A fire suppression system for use with lithium-ion battery storage containers is provided. The system utilizes water as a fire suppressant, which is stored in a tank and delivered to a battery module within the container that is experiencing a thermal event. After a predetermined time from the beginning of water flow, a controller within the system actuates one or more fans to ventilate the storage container to expel hazardous gases produced by the thermal event.

A fire suppression system for use with lithium-ion battery storage containers is provided. The system utilizes water as a fire suppressant, which is stored in a tank and delivered to a battery module within the container that is experiencing a thermal event. After a predetermined time from the beginning of water flow, a controller within the system actuates one or more fans to ventilate the storage container to expel hazardous gases produced by the thermal event.