A lithium-sulfur battery including an anode, a cathode, a separator, and an electrolyte is provided. The lithium-sulfur battery may be formed as a jelly roll. The anode may output lithium cations (Li.sup.+) and a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) may be formed on the anode. A protective layer may be formed at least partially within and on the SEI. In addition, the protective layer may be positioned proximal to the anode and include wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets and fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates. For example, multiple wrinkled graphene nanoplatelets may be adjoined to one another by flexure points, where each flexure point may provide exposed carbon atoms. In this way, the fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates may be grafted onto at least some exposed carbon atoms. At least some fluorinated poly(meth)acrylates may be compatible with polymerization and cross-linking with one another responsive to exposure to one or more of free-radical initiators or an ultraviolet (UV) energetic environment.

Fabricating a composite solid-state electrolyte (SSE) membrane by infiltrating a porous polymer substrate with a mixture which comprises: (i) polymer precursor, (ii) ceramic nanoparticles with diameters that range from 10 to 2000 nm, (iii) plasticizer and (iv) lithium salt. Curing the mixture yields a solid-state electrolyte which is formed within pores of the substrate. A continuous roll-to-roll system for manufacturing of large-dimension, flexible, ultrathin, high ionic conductivity (SSE) membrane advances a porous polymer substrate through a coating module, multifunctional module for post-treatment curing and calendar unit. The SSE membrane is used in all solid-state lithium-ion electrochemical pouch cells. The SSE membrane exhibits high ionic conductivity over wide temperature range, especially high value in low temperature (−40° C.).

A lithium-sulfur battery including an anode, a cathode, a separator, and an electrolyte dispersed throughout the lithium-sulfur battery is provided. The anode may output lithium ions. The cathode may be positioned opposite to the anode and have an overall porosity as defined by multiple non-hollow carbon spherical (NHCS) particles joined together to form tubular NHCS particle agglomerate. Pores may be associated with the overall porosity of the cathode and interspersed uniformly throughout the NHCS particles. In some aspects, each pore having a diameter between 1 nm and 10 nm; and each tubular NCHS agglomerate has a length between 5 micrometers (μm) and 35 μm. Interconnected channels defined in shape by the NHCS particles may be joined to each other and the pores, where some interconnected channels may be pre-loaded with an elemental sulfur and retain polysulfides (PS). Retention of the polysulfides may be based on some NHCS particles.

A battery includes multiple aligned and stacked cells. Each cell includes a cathode layer having a cathode notch formed on a perimeter of the cathode layer and a cathode electrode extending from the perimeter of the cathode layer. Each cell also includes an anode layer having an anode notch formed on a perimeter of the anode layer and an anode electrode extending from the perimeter of the anode layer. The respective cathode and anode electrodes extend through the respective anode and cathode notches in the stacked cells to contact a battery case to form positive and negative contacts of the battery.

An electrically conductive hybrid membrane, including a solid membrane substrate including a curable material; and electrically conductive particle disposed on the solid membrane substrate, wherein the solid membrane substrate has an elastic modulus of about 10 MPa to about 1000 MPa, and the electrically conductive particle is exposed on both sides of the solid membrane substrate.

A module includes a first member that is a battery or a gas tank in which pressure fluctuation happens along one axis direction, a pair of second members, the second members being arranged on end portions of the first member in the one axis direction, respectively, and a binding member binding the first member and the second members while pressurizing them. The binding member is formed as fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) containing fiber and resin is revolved. The FRP includes a base fiber layer with a fiber direction along a revolution direction, and a reinforcing fiber layer with a fiber direction different from that of the base fiber layer. The reinforcing fiber layer has a non-overlapping portion between both end portions in a revolved state. The non-overlapping portion is positioned in a region facing the first member.

Provided is a metal negative electrode. The metal negative electrode has a first surface and a second surface facing the first surface, and a plurality of grooves may be provided in the first surface.

A solid electrolyte of the present disclosure includes: a porous dielectric having a plurality of pores interconnected; and an electrolyte including a metal salt and at least one selected from the group consisting of an ionic compound and a bipolar compound and at least partially filling an interior of the plurality of pores. The porous dielectric includes a polyether structure. The plurality of pores have an average pore diameter of 20 nm or more and 100 nm or less.

Composites including silica phase and magneli-phase titanium suboxide, supported catalyst particles including the same, electrodes including the supported catalyst particles, and electrochemical cells including the electrode.

An all-solid-state battery has a structure in which a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode layer containing a positive electrode active material and a solid electrolyte, a solid electrolyte layer containing a solid electrolyte, a negative electrode layer containing a negative electrode active material and a solid electrolyte, and a negative electrode current collector are stacked in this order. The solid electrolyte layer has a repeating structure in which a low porosity portion and a high porosity portion having a higher porosity than a porosity of the low porosity portion are repeated in an in-plane direction.