Disclosed herein are ceramic materials, such as bismuth substituted garnets, which can have high curie temperatures and high dielectric constants. In certain implementations, indium can be incorporated into the ceramic to improve certain properties and to avoid calcium compensation. The ceramic materials disclosed herein can be particular advantageous for below resonance applications.

Embodiments of synthetic garnet materials having advantageous properties, especially for below resonance frequency applications, are disclosed herein. In particular, embodiments of the synthetic garnet materials can have high Curie temperatures and dielectric constants while maintaining low magnetization. These materials can be incorporated into isolators and circulators, such as for use in telecommunication base stations.

Embodiments of synthetic garnet materials having advantageous properties, especially for below resonance frequency applications, are disclosed herein. In particular, embodiments of the synthetic garnet materials can have high Curie temperatures and dielectric constants while maintaining low magnetization. These materials can be incorporated into isolators and circulators, such as for use in telecommunication base stations.

An isolator includes a lower electrode, a first insulating layer, a second insulating layer, an upper electrode, and a low permittivity portion. The first insulating layer is provided on the lower electrode, and includes a protruding portion in an upper portion of the first insulating layer. The second insulating layer is provided on the protruding portion, extends sideways from a region directly above the protruding portion, and has a specific permittivity higher than a specific permittivity of the first insulating layer. The upper electrode is in contact with an upper surface of the second insulating layer. The low permittivity portion is in contact with a side surface of the protruding portion and a lower surface of the second insulating layer. The low permittivity portion has a specific permittivity lower than the specific permittivity of the first insulating layer.

An isolator includes a lower electrode, a first insulating layer, a second insulating layer, an upper electrode, and a low permittivity portion. The first insulating layer is provided on the lower electrode, and includes a protruding portion in an upper portion of the first insulating layer. The second insulating layer is provided on the protruding portion, extends sideways from a region directly above the protruding portion, and has a specific permittivity higher than a specific permittivity of the first insulating layer. The upper electrode is in contact with an upper surface of the second insulating layer. The low permittivity portion is in contact with a side surface of the protruding portion and a lower surface of the second insulating layer. The low permittivity portion has a specific permittivity lower than the specific permittivity of the first insulating layer.

Disclosed herein is a non-reciprocal circuit element that includes a magnetic rotator and a permanent magnet that applies a magnetic field to the magnetic rotator. The magnetic rotator includes a ferrite core and a center conductor positioned between the ferrite core and the permanent magnet. The center conductor has an upper surface facing the permanent magnet, a side surface perpendicular to the upper surface, and an upper surface side corner part constituted by an end portion of the upper surface and one end portion of the side surface. A fillet is formed at the upper surface side corner part.

Disclosed herein is a non-reciprocal circuit element that includes a magnetic rotator and a permanent magnet that applies a magnetic field to the magnetic rotator. The magnetic rotator includes a ferrite core and a center conductor positioned between the ferrite core and the permanent magnet. The center conductor has an upper surface facing the permanent magnet, a side surface perpendicular to the upper surface, and an upper surface side corner part constituted by an end portion of the upper surface and one end portion of the side surface. A fillet is formed at the upper surface side corner part.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provide an isolator which includes a body, a first circuit module, and a second circuit module. In some examples, the first circuit module is arranged at a first connecting port of the body and includes a first integrated circuit board, a first shell surrounding the first integrated circuit board, a first signal processing circuit penetrating through the first integrated circuit board, and a joint sleeved on an insulating bushing. The joint partially surrounds the first signal processing circuit. A first end portion of the first signal processing circuit is electrically connected to a first contact element. The second circuit module is arranged at a second connecting port of the body and includes a second integrated circuit board, a second shell surrounding the second integrated circuit board, and a second signal processing circuit extending along a length direction of the second integrated circuit board.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provide an isolator which includes a body, a first circuit module, and a second circuit module. In some examples, the first circuit module is arranged at a first connecting port of the body and includes a first integrated circuit board, a first shell surrounding the first integrated circuit board, a first signal processing circuit penetrating through the first integrated circuit board, and a joint sleeved on an insulating bushing. The joint partially surrounds the first signal processing circuit. A first end portion of the first signal processing circuit is electrically connected to a first contact element. The second circuit module is arranged at a second connecting port of the body and includes a second integrated circuit board, a second shell surrounding the second integrated circuit board, and a second signal processing circuit extending along a length direction of the second integrated circuit board.

A digital isolator can include: an encoding circuit configured to receive an input digital signal, and to encode a rising edge and a falling edge of the input digital signal into different coded signals; an isolating element coupled to encoding circuit, and being configured to transmit the coded signal in an electrical isolation manner; and a decoding circuit configured to receive the coded signal through the isolation element, and to decode the coded signal to obtain the rising edge and the falling edge, in order to output an output digital signal consistent with the input digital signal, where the rising edge of the input digital signal is encoded as a first pulse sequence, and the falling edge of the input digital signal is encoded as a second pulse sequence different from the first pulse sequence.