The apparatus may be a base station. The apparatus processes a first group of synchronization signals. The apparatus processes a second group of synchronization signals. The apparatus performs a first transmission by transmitting the processed first group of the synchronization signals in a first synchronization subframe. The apparatus performs a second transmission by transmitting the processed second group of the synchronization signals in a second synchronization subframe.

A method and apparatus for antenna-array size adaptation at a BS include performing an initial beam refinement procedure using a plurality of antenna arrays with one or more devices, transmitting a plurality of beams using a plurality of antenna configurations to the one or more devices as part of an enhanced beam training procedure, wherein each antenna configuration includes a different subset of the plurality of antenna arrays used to transmit a different beam of the plurality of beams, receiving a plurality of feedback messages from the one or more devices associated with the plurality of beams transmitted using the plurality of antenna configurations, selecting an antenna configuration including a subset of the plurality of antenna arrays based on the plurality of feedback messages from the one or more devices, and communicating with the one or more devices using the selected subset of the plurality of antenna arrays.

An antenna topology supporting multi beamforming for a large phase array antenna is provided herein. The antenna topology includes: one or more pairs of branches, each branch comprising a plurality of digital beamforming (DBF) integrated circuits (ICs) connected in series via a bus; one or more splitter/combiner (S/C) ICs connecting together each of the branches of the pairs; and one or more layers of further S/C ICs, wherein each of the further S/C ICs connects two of the S/C ICs on one end, and a modem or a further S/C IC of a different layer, on the other end, wherein each of the DBF ICs is coupled to two or more antenna elements via one or more radio frequency (RF) ICs, and wherein each of the DBF ICs comprises phase shifting circuitries, delay circuitries, memory circuitries, and bus controlling circuitries.

A method of communicating between a transmitter and a receiver in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes selecting a beamformer from a beamforming codebook. The method further includes transmitting a signal from antenna elements using the selected beamformer by adjusting a gain and a phase of the signal. The antenna elements correspond to an absolute value and an angle of a respective complex beamforming coefficient from the selected beamformer. The beamformer is a composite beam including a plurality of disjoint beam lobes, and each of the plurality of disjoint beam lobes covers a desired angular interval.

An array antenna system, and a calibration method and apparatus thereof are provided. The calibration method includes measuring a signal loop including mutual coupling between antennas included in an array antenna, calculating a ratio of a reception (RX) signal received by each antenna to an RX signal received by a reference antenna of the array antenna based on a result of the measuring, and performing calibration of the array antenna based on the ratio.

The phased array antenna system is described. The phased array antenna system formed on one or more layers of a printed circuit board (PCB). The phased array antenna system be may include a beam forming network to convert between one or more element signals and a beam signal. The phased array antenna system may include one or more control circuits, where each control circuit may receive the element signals for corresponding antenna element. Each of the control circuits may further may establish a control signal path and an element signal path between the antenna elements and the beamforming network, where the signal path may carry multiplexed element and control signals. The control circuits may include a signal adjustment circuit that may adjust the corresponding element signal (e.g., in phase or amplitude) based on the control signal.

Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for array antenna adaptive digital pre-distortion with Bayesian observation analysis are provided. One method may include selecting a plurality of patch elements from an array antenna of a network element. The method may also include determining an accuracy confidence value for each patch element. A set of coefficients of the antenna array may be generated. In addition, an ensemble of non-linear forward models may be generated using the accuracy confidence value and the set of coefficients. Further, an array of pre-distortion signals may be generated using the ensemble of non-linear forward models, and each antenna of the array antenna may be configured with a corresponding pre-distortion signal from the array of pre-distortion signals.

One of a transmitting array antenna and a receiving array antenna includes a first antenna group and a second antenna group. The first antenna group includes one or more first antenna elements of which the phase centers of the antenna elements are laid out at each first layout spacing following a first axis direction, and a shared antenna element. The second antenna group includes a plurality of second antenna elements and the one shared antenna element, and the phase centers of the antenna elements are laid out in two columns at each second layout spacing following a second axis direction that is different from the first axis direction. The phase centers of the antenna elements included in each of the two columns differ from each other regarding position in the second axis direction.

A technique is provided for controlling a beam pattern employed by an antenna apparatus. The antenna apparatus comprises an antenna array, and beamforming circuitry to employ a beam pattern in order to generate a beam using the antenna array to facilitate wireless communication with at least one further antenna apparatus. Beam pattern adjustment circuitry is then arranged to receive a control signal indicative of a motion being imparted to the antenna apparatus, and to adjust the beam pattern to be used by the beamforming circuitry in dependence on the control signal, so as to alter a width of the beam in order to mitigate variation in link quality of the wireless communication due to the motion. This hence allows the width of the beam deployed by the antenna apparatus to be adjusted taking into account motion being imparted to the antenna apparatus, so that a balance can be achieved between employing a narrow beam to seek to improve range and resilience to interference, and a wider beam to reduce the variation in link quality that might otherwise arise due to the motion.

Railyard management system for managing, assembling, disassembling and validating train consists and monitoring railcars in the railyard. The system provides for the collection of data and the movement of data from lower processing levels to higher processing levels, where an inference engine draws inferences regarding the current state of railcars and train consists within the railyard. The inferences can be based on characteristics of a transmission signal received at their respective railcars, said railcars forming a train consist. The system can be used to track the location and orientation of railcars in the railyard and to validate order and orientation of assets in a train consist based on the characteristics of the transmission signal at said railcars.