An optically communicative battery management system includes a pack controller and one or more module controllers optically coupled to the pack controller. The module controllers may themselves be optically coupled together in series, and communication from an upstream module controller may be relayed through one or more downstream controllers en route to the pack controller. The pack controller may also send an optical signal that is used by the pack controller to determine whether any one or more of the battery modules is experiencing a safety fault, and the communication channel used to transmit that optical signal may, absent any safety faults, be used to multiplex message data to the module controllers.

An apparatus includes a current sense resistor configured to receive a supply current for one or more devices. The apparatus also includes a current sense amplifier configured to amplify a voltage across the current sense resistor. The apparatus further includes a comparator configured to compare the amplified voltage from the current sense amplifier to a reference voltage. In addition, the apparatus includes an octal driver configured to receive the supply current from the current sense resistor and to control one or more device outputs associated with the one or more devices. The apparatus may also include an optocoupler configured to receive an output from the comparator and, based on the output, control an output enable pin of the octal driver. There could be multiple resistors, amplifiers, comparators, drivers, and optocouplers arranged in multiple circuit branches, which could be configured to control multiple device outputs associated with different groups of devices.

In one example, a ground fault circuit interrupter is provided. It may include a current imbalance detection circuit configured to provide a leakage signal and a main processing circuit including a processor. The leakage signal may correspond to a current imbalance between a supply path and a return path. The processor may be configured to receive the leakage signal, analyze a time pattern of the leakage signal, determine whether a ground fault exists based on analysis of the time pattern, and generate a first trigger signal if the ground fault is determined to exist. The ground fault circuit interrupter may further include a back-EMF detection circuit configured to provide a back-EMF detection signal. Methods for detecting and responding to a ground fault are also provided.

An electrical protection apparatus includes at least one first or main electrical protection function able to be carried out by a microcontroller and a button termed a test button intended to be actuated by a user to give rise to the implementation of the testing of at least one second electrical function, this implementation of the test being intended to give rise to the tripping of the protection apparatus D. The electrical protection apparatus includes a device for pooling the actuation of this test button with at least one action intended to carry out a third function, as a function of various types of action exerted on the test button, these actions being detected by the microcontroller, the aim being for the latter to give the order to carry out one of the third functions or else the testing of one of the second functions.

An optical waveguide sheet 50 is fastened to an inward facing access door 4 of the load center 2. When the door is closed, the optical waveguide sheet is positioned so that one portion is juxtaposed with the circuit breaker 10A in the load center, to enable the optical waveguide sheet to receive an optical signal 70A characterizing current in the circuit breaker. The optical waveguide sheet 50 is further positioned so that another portion is juxtaposed with an optical window 48 of an aggregator. The optical waveguide sheet is configured to internally reflect the optical signal 70A within its body and to conduct the internally reflected optical signal from the circuit breaker to the optical window of the aggregator. The aggregator may provide information characterizing current usage to an alarm, a measurement device, the smart grid, or a storage device for later use.

An method for automatically testing an arc flash detection system by periodically or continually transmitting electro-optical (EO) radiation through one or more transmission cables electro-optically coupled to respective EO radiation collectors. A test EO signal may pass through the EO radiation collector to be received by an EO sensor. An attenuation of the EO signal may be determined by comparing the intensity of the transmitted EO signal to an intensity of the received EO signal. A self-test failure may be detected if the attenuation exceeds a threshold. EO signals may be transmitted according to a particular pattern (e.g., a coded signal) to allow an arc flash detection system to distinguish the test EO radiation from EO radiation indicative of an arc flash event.

A solid state power controller (SSPC) for an electrical power distribution system (EPDS), the SSPC may include a solid state switching device (SSSD) configured to interrupt current in a feeder line of the EPDS and a processing engine. A clamping device may be interposed between the feeder line and an electrical ground of the EPDS, An opto-coupler may be interposed between the processing engine and the clamping device. The opto-coupler may coupled to the clamping device to provide a lightning-detected signal to the processing engine only when a voltage drop develops across the clamping device. The processing engine may be constrained from commanding an alteration of state of the SSSD upon receiving the lightning-detected signal.

A system for monitoring properties within a subsea electrical architecture of an offshore windfarm including one or more wind turbines incudes first passive optical sensors within the subsea unit for monitoring an electrical or environmental property within the subsea unit, a first optical fibre bundle extending integrally within a power cable, a first optical interconnection unit within the subsea unit and optically coupling one or more optical fibres of the optical fibre bundle to the passive optical sensors, a monitoring unit located at an onshore grid connection point, and a second optical interconnection unit optically coupling one or more optical fibres of the optical fibre bundle to said monitoring unit. The monitoring unit is configured to transmit monitoring light signals along one or more optical fibres of the first optical fibre bundle to said first optical interconnection unit and to localise a fault and/or operate a circuit breaker in dependence upon optical signals transmitted from the or each first passive optical sensor over the first optical fibre bundle.

A method for compensating for ambient light for an arc flash detection system for an electrical equipment, the arc flash detection system including a first optical sensor for detecting an arc flash, the method comprising initiating a recording mode in which a first output signal of the first optical sensor is recorded, wherein recording the first output signal comprises storing a first plurality of values, wherein each value of the first plurality of values is representative of a level of ambient light condition in or around the electrical equipment; terminating the recording mode after a recording time period; determining, based on the first plurality of values, a first quantity characterizing ambient light in or around the electrical equipment; and configuring the arc flash detection system to compensate for ambient light based on the first quantity.