A method for communicating an event occurrence among a plurality of photovoltaic assemblies of a photovoltaic system includes the following steps: (1) in response to the event occurrence, injecting a first signal onto a power line at a first photovoltaic assembly of the plurality of photovoltaic assemblies, (2) detecting the first signal on the power line at a second photovoltaic assembly of the plurality of photovoltaic assemblies, and (3) in response to detecting the first signal on the power line at the second photovoltaic assembly, injecting a second signal onto the power line at the second photovoltaic assembly.

A medium voltage power supply is disclosed as including plural medium voltage power lines and plural medium voltage switchboards, connected by respective medium voltage power lines. The medium voltage switchboards are each provided with a respective electrical protection equipment under the IEC 61850 standard and with respective medium voltage signal couplers driven by the electrical protection equipment to transmit and receive Generic Object Oriented Substation Event messages through the medium voltage power lines.

A residual current sensor for a residual current protective device for monitoring an electrical load for a vehicle is presented. The residual current sensor has an electrical circuit for identifying a test signal in an electrical forward conductor, which forward-conducts from a control apparatus for controlling the electrical load to the electrical load The test signal represents a request to perform a self-test of the residual current sensor. The residual current sensor also has a residual-current-generating apparatus for generating a test residual current in an electrical reverse conductor, which conducts away from the electrical load, in response to the identified test signal. The residual current sensor furthermore has a measuring apparatus for measuring a differential current between a first electric current in the electrical forward conductor and a second electric current in the electrical reverse conductor.

The present disclosure provides a system, apparatus and method for providing rapid shutdown for photovoltaic power systems and provides a system, apparatus and method for providing arc sensing for photovoltaic power systems. An AC current can be put on the DC bus to control PV panel shutdown. Local mean decomposition can be used to sense arcing on the DC bus.

A medium voltage power supply is disclosed as including plural medium voltage power lines and plural medium voltage switchboards, connected by respective medium voltage power lines. The medium voltage switchboards are each provided with a respective electrical protection equipment under the IEC 61850 standard and with respective medium voltage signal couplers driven by the electrical protection equipment to transmit and receive Generic Object Oriented Substation Event messages through the medium voltage power lines.

A fault current sensor for a fault current protection device for monitoring an electrical consumer for a vehicle is provided. The fault current sensor has a measuring device for measuring a differential current between a first electrical current in an electrical forward conductor, which conducts from a control device for controlling the electrical consumer to the electrical consumer, and a second electrical current in an electrical return conductor, which conducts away from the electrical consumer. The fault current sensor also has a reporting device for reporting a fault current at the control device via the forward conductor depending on a comparison of the measured differential current with a threshold value.

The disclosed charging system has multiple charging ports emanating from a central digital power transmitter to charge a plurality of battery packs. The system comprises a centralized bulk power converter to produce a first DC voltage and multiple additive power converters. One additive power converter is assigned to each charger port. The output of each charging port is transmitted in digital power format to a receiver local to each battery pack. The receiver converts the digital power to conventional analog DC power for charging the battery packs. The bulk converter provides the majority of the power needed to charge all the battery packs simultaneously, while the additive power converters adjust for the individual characteristics of each battery pack.

The present disclosure provides a system, apparatus and method for providing rapid shutdown for photovoltaic power systems and provides a system, apparatus and method for providing arc sensing for photovoltaic power systems. An AC current can be put on the DC bus to control PV panel shutdown. Local mean decomposition can be used to sense arcing on the DC bus.

An electrical switching device includes a plurality of electrical loads, an electrical energy source for supplying electrical energy to the plurality of electrical loads, a bus line for conducting the electrical energy from the electrical energy source to the plurality of electrical loads. The plurality of electrical loads are connected to the bus line and a group of a plurality of electronic fuses are electrically arranged between the electrical energy source and the plurality of electrical loads. The plurality of electronic fuses are separate from each other and are distributed in the electrical switching device. The electrical switching device also includes a control unit arranged in the bus line. The control unit is configured in such a way that the control unit can be used to address the plurality of electronic fuses in the group via the bus line.

A method for monitoring a power supply connected to a superordinate controller via a signal line, wherein the superordinate controller queries whether the power supply is operating faultlessly at variable intervals, where during faultless operation, a power-good signal is continuously transmitted by the power supply to the superordinate controller via the signal line and, if a fault occurs, an indicating signal is transmitted by the power supply to the superordinate controller via the signal line as a switching sequence of high and low signals such that each signal change of the switching sequence occurs only after a time period that is longer than an expected greatest query interval and each signal of the switching sequence that does not correspond to the power-good signal is shorter than a specified signal duration for indicating a total failure of the power supply, whereby the superordinate controller receives more information than previously.