A device, preferably a plug-in module, for communication between a controller and a field device. The device includes contacts, wherein a first subset of the contacts is electrically conductively connected or connectable to the controller and a second subset of the contacts is electrically conductively connected or connectable to the field device. The apparatus further includes a circuit having an input electrically conductively connected to the first subset of the contacts and an output electrically conductively connected to the second subset of the contacts. The circuit includes a voltage-limiting unit adapted to limit a voltage at the output, and a current-limiting unit adapted to limit a current between the input and the output and to interrupt the current when the voltage-limiting unit responds.

A separating device for interrupting a direct current of a current path, in particular for an on-board electrical system of a motor vehicle. The separating device has a hybrid switch with a current-conducting mechanical contact system and a first semiconductor switch connected to the hybrid switch in parallel and having a switchable resistance cascade with at least one ohmic resistor which is connected to the contact system of the hybrid switch in parallel.

An ERMS system and a method for implementing an ERMS system are disclosed. The ERMS system includes: a self-powered relay comprising a control circuit that controls the self-powered relay to work under one of a first mode and a second mode; a portable power box; and an electrical interface connecting the portable power box to the self-powered relay. Under the second mode, the self-powered relay is configured to reduce energy level in an arc flash event. Upon receiving a signal from the portable power box via the electrical interface, the control circuit controls the self-powered relay to work under the second mode.

A device, preferably a plug-in module, for communication between a controller and a field device. The device includes contacts, wherein a first subset of the contacts is electrically conductively connected or connectable to the controller and a second subset of the contacts is electrically conductively connected or connectable to the field device. The apparatus further includes a circuit having an input electrically conductively connected to the first subset of the contacts and an output electrically conductively connected to the second subset of the contacts. The circuit includes a voltage-limiting unit adapted to limit a voltage at the output, and a current-limiting unit adapted to limit a current between the input and the output and to interrupt the current when the voltage-limiting unit responds.

Disclosed is a fault current controller for a direct current power grid, which includes a primary circuit and a controller. The primary circuit includes an inductor, a filter capacitor, a resistor, an IGBT switch, a diode, a contactor and a Hall current sensor. The inductor, a first resistor and a second contactor are connected in series and are connected to a first contactor in parallel. A first branch including a second resistor and a first diode, a second branch including a third resistor and a second diode, and the inductor are connected in parallel; the filter capacitor, the IGBT switch and the first resistor are connected in parallel. The Hall current sensor is arranged in the series circuit. The controller controls the IGBT switch and the two contactors in the primary circuit to form different on-off combinations.

An electrical installation having a first source of power, such as the utility grid, and a second source of power from an electronic DC-to-AC converter, comprises a smart load center for selecting the source of power independently for each of a number of branch circuits protected by circuit breakers to be the first source or the second source. The smart load center comprises a software-controlled processor for operating the transfer relays that select the first or second source of power for each branch circuit. In the event that a current overload on a branch circuit connected to the DC-to-AC converter causes it to trip before the branch circuit breaker clears the overload, all circuits are transferred to the first power source to trip the fault breaker and then the microprocessor enters a restart sequence to verify that the fault is cleared or else to take other action.

Example systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer program products are disclosed for electroporating cells in a tissue using a set of voltage pulses generated by capacitor charge circuitry based on a voltage supply. An example method includes continuously monitoring a set of characteristics of the voltage supply and the set of voltage pulses; generating a first set of monitor signals based on the set of characteristics; detecting a first fault condition based on the first set of monitor signals; and generating a first crowbar trigger activation signal. The example computer method further includes: detecting a second fault condition based on a second set of monitor signals generated based on the first set of monitor signals; and generating a second crowbar trigger activation signal. Subsequently, the example computer method includes electrically disconnecting the capacitor charge circuitry from electroporation electrode circuitry based on either the first or second crowbar trigger activation signal.

A fault protection arrangement. The fault protection arrangement may include a neutral grounding resistor including a first non-ground end, connected to a neutralizing point, and a second non-ground end. The fault protection arrangement may include a neutral grounding resistance monitor assembly, directly coupled to the second non-ground end of the neutral grounding resistor. The neutral grounding resistance monitor assembly may include comprising a signal source coupled to the neutralizing-point; a first current sense circuit coupled between the signal source and the neutralizing-point; a first voltage sense circuit coupled between the signal source and the neutralizing-point; a second current sense circuit, comprising a current sensor, coupled between the second non-ground end of the neutral grounding resistor and a protective earth connection.

A low-voltage circuit protection device includes: at least one outer conductor section from an outer conductor supply terminal of the low-voltage circuit protection device to an outer conductor load terminal of the low-voltage circuit protection device; a neutral conductor section from a neutral terminal of the low-voltage circuit protection device to a neutral load terminal of the low-voltage circuit protection device; an electrical measuring arrangement; at least one semiconductor circuit arrangement; and an electronic control unit which is connected to the electrical measuring arrangement and the semiconductor circuit arrangement. The measuring arrangement and/or the electronic control unit detects a predetermined combination of at least two electrical faults selected from the group including: overvoltage, undervoltage and overcurrent. The semiconductor circuit arrangement provides a specifiable reduction of an output voltage applied at the outer conductor supply terminal and the neutral conductor load terminal.

A system for overvoltage protection on loads for use in an electric aircraft is presented. The system includes an energy storage element configured to produce an electrical output, a bus element, wherein the bus is configured to transfer the electrical output from the energy storage element, a plurality of inverters, wherein each inverter is configured to generate a regulated output as a function of the electrical output and detect an overvoltage output as a function of the regulated output, and a plurality of load devices connected to the plurality of inverters, wherein each load device includes a fault protection device.