A method for limiting voltage at an input of an integrated circuit of a transponder contactlessly communicating with a reader includes, during the contactless communication: receiving a carrier signal at an antenna of the transponder; and controlling gate voltages of two transistors of a rectifier circuit of the transponder so as to modify an input impedance of the integrated circuit, wherein the two transistors are cross-coupled between terminals of the antenna and a reference voltage.

A switched-mode power supply has a rectifier device, a switching unit which is arranged downstream of the rectifier device, a transmission device which is arranged downstream of the switching unit and a filter device. In order to reduce the sensitivity of the switched-mode power supply to high-energy interferences, it is proposed that the filter device contains a current-compensated choke coil which is connected to a voltage limiter circuit in such a way that in the case of interference signals applied to the choke coil, a damping of the interference signals takes place by way of the voltage limiter circuit.

In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a surge voltage blocker circuit to couple between a distribution grid network and a grid-side power converter of a power conversion system. The surge voltage blocker circuit may include a plurality of series-coupled AC switch circuits, each including: a bidirectional switch formed of a first power transistor and a second power transistor; and a transient voltage suppression device coupled in parallel with the bidirectional switch.

A charging port protection apparatus and a terminal related to the field of terminal technologies are provided, including a first detection circuit, a first discharge circuit, a second detection voltage, and a switch circuit. The first detection circuit generates a first detection voltage based on a peak voltage of an input voltage. The first discharge circuit discharges the peak voltage based on the first detection voltage. The second detection circuit generates a second detection voltage when the input voltage is greater than a first threshold. The switch circuit disconnects the input voltage based on the second detection voltage. This implements not only protection against an ESD and EOS peak voltage, but also protection against a high-voltage direct current. The protection against the peak voltage and the protection against the high-voltage direct current are not mutually limited, which implements protection against impact of electrical over-stress in various forms.

Provided is a power conversion system that can suppress a fault in a short-circuiting switch that bypasses a fault unit and enhance the reliability and redundancy of the system. The power conversion system is provided with a plurality of power converter units that are formed by using semiconductor switch elements and are connected in series, and comprises: switch elements that are provided to input terminals and/or output terminals of the power converter units and bypass the power converter units; and overvoltage suppressing elements which are connected in parallel with the switch elements and in which conducting states are changed by an application of a prescribed voltage.

An electrical plug provides protection against electrical surges with a replaceable surge protector cartridge that is readily removable and replaceable along an exterior of the plug. Surge protector circuitry in the cartridge can absorb an electrical surge received at the plug from an electrical mains source, and the electrical plug can maintain electrical continuity from plug prongs to an electrical cord both before and after the surge protector has absorbed an electrical surge.

An electrical wiring device including a ground fault interrupt assembly, the ground fault interrupt assembly comprising a ground fault interrupt circuit, being formed on a first printed circuit board, and a trip mechanism, the ground fault interrupt circuit being configured to detect a differential current between the line conductor and the neutral conductor and to trigger the trip mechanism to electrically decouple the plurality of line terminals from the plurality of load terminals, according to a predetermined criterion, based, at least in part, on the different current; and a USB power supply circuit being formed on a second printed circuit board disposed within the compartment, the USB power supply circuit providing to the at least one USB port, wherein the first printed circuit board and the second printed circuit board are separated by a distance within the inner compartment.

Detection transistor MNd flows a detection current IdN to a current path CP1n when an output voltage Vo generated in a load terminal PN1 is than a ground voltage GND. A current mirror circuit CMp1 transfers the detection current IdN flowing in the current path CP1n to a current path CP2a. Detecting resistor element Rd1 converts a mirror current I2a flowing in the current path CP2a to a detection voltage Vd1. A control transistor MNc1 is turned on when the converted detection voltage Vd1 is higher than a predetermined value. Then, the output transistor QO is controlled to be off while the control transistor MNc1 is on.

An apparatus for selectively coupling a load to a grid power source and an inverter that is fed electric power by an alternate power source includes a first node coupled to the load. A grid sensor senses a state of the grid power source. A grid relay couples the grid power source to the first node when in a closed state and decouples the grid power source from the first node when in an open state. An inverter relay couples the inverter to the first node when in a closed state and decouples the inverter from the first node when in an open state. A controller is programmed to: cause the grid relay and the inverter relay to closed when the grid sensor indicates available grid power and cause the grid relay to open when grid power is not available;. A communications circuit senses a current state of the controller and wirelessly communicates a change of state of a selected one of the grid sensor and the controller to a remote device.

Distributed maximum power point tracking systems, structures, and processes are provided for power generation structures, such as for but not limited to a solar panel arrays. In an exemplary solar panel string structure, distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) modules are provided, such as integrated into or retrofitted for each solar panel. The DMPPT modules provide panel level control for startup, operation, monitoring, and shutdown, and further provide flexible design and operation for strings of multiple panels. The strings are typically linked in parallel to a combiner box, and then toward and enhanced inverter module, which is typically connected to a power grid. Enhanced inverters are controllable either locally or remotely, wherein system status is readily determined, and operation of one or more sections of the system are readily controlled. The system provides increased operation time, and increased power production and efficiency, over a wide range of operating conditions.