An electret element includes: an Si layer, an SiO.sub.2 layer formed at a surface of the Si layer; and an electret formed at the SiO.sub.2 layer near an interface of the SiO.sub.2 layer and the Si layer.

An electro-hydrodynamic energy collection system may collect and use the energy generated by an electric field. Collection fibers are suspended from a support system. A particle mist is injected collocated to the collection fibers. The support system is electrically connected to a load by a connecting wire. The collection fibers may be made of any conducting material, but graphene, carbon and graphite are preferred. Diodes may be used to restrict the backflow or loss of energy.

An electro-hydrodynamic energy collection system may collect and use the energy generated by an electric field. Collection fibers are suspended from a support system. A particle mist is injected collocated to the collection fibers. The support system is electrically connected to a load by a connecting wire. The collection fibers may be made of any conducting material, but graphene, carbon and graphite are preferred. Diodes may be used to restrict the backflow or loss of energy.