A photovoltaic system with an inverter, at least one solar panel for providing electrical power, and electrical wiring for coupling electrical power from the at least one solar panel to the inverter. Also included is a transmitter for transmitting a messaging protocol along the electrical wiring, where the protocol includes a multibit wireline signal. Also included is circuitry for selectively connecting the electrical power from the at least one solar panel along the electrical wiring to the inverter in response to the messaging protocol.

A method of removing a plurality of portions of a black layer of an electrical conduit for a photovoltaic cell is disclosed. The method includes providing a mandrel having the electrical conduit electroformed in the mandrel. The electrical conduit is formed in a preformed pattern on an outer surface of the mandrel. The electrical conduit has the black layer with a black layer thickness on a side opposite of the outer surface of the mandrel. A beam of a laser is controlled toward the black layer of the electrical conduit. The beam is characterized by laser parameters. The beam of the laser removes the plurality of portions of the black layer on the electrical conduit. Each removed portion of the plurality of portions of the black layer has a thickness equal to the black layer thickness, and a portion area of 5 mm.sup.2 to 20 mm.sup.2.

A method of removing a plurality of portions of a black layer of an electrical conduit for a photovoltaic cell is disclosed. The method includes providing a mandrel having the electrical conduit electroformed in the mandrel. The electrical conduit is formed in a preformed pattern on an outer surface of the mandrel. The electrical conduit has the black layer with a black layer thickness on a side opposite of the outer surface of the mandrel. A beam of a laser is controlled toward the black layer of the electrical conduit. The beam is characterized by laser parameters. The beam of the laser removes the plurality of portions of the black layer on the electrical conduit. Each removed portion of the plurality of portions of the black layer has a thickness equal to the black layer thickness, and a portion area of 5 mm.sup.2 to 20 mm.sup.2.

Various implementations are directed to a method for detecting, by a device, an increase in temperature at certain parts of an electrical system, and taking appropriate responsive action. The method may include measuring temperatures at certain locations within the system and estimating temperatures at other locations based on the measurements. Some embodiments include an integrated cable combining electrical conduction and heat-detection capabilities, or an integrated cable or connector combining electrical conduction with a thermal fuse.

Various implementations are directed to a method for detecting, by a device, an increase in temperature at certain parts of an electrical system, and taking appropriate responsive action. The method may include measuring temperatures at certain locations within the system and estimating temperatures at other locations based on the measurements. Some embodiments include an integrated cable combining electrical conduction and heat-detection capabilities, or an integrated cable or connector combining electrical conduction with a thermal fuse.

A high efficiency configuration for a solar cell module comprises solar cells conductively bonded to each other in a shingled manner to form super cells, which may be arranged to efficiently use the area of the solar module, reduce series resistance, and increase module efficiency.

A high efficiency configuration for a solar cell module comprises solar cells conductively bonded to each other in a shingled manner to form super cells, which may be arranged to efficiently use the area of the solar module, reduce series resistance, and increase module efficiency.

An article for providing shade includes a sunshade and a slip-on mounting base. The sunshade includes a shield, a set of ribs connected to the shield, and a plurality of support arms connected to the shield. The slip-on mounting base includes a body that defines a cavity and an opening. The body is configured to slip on the back portion of an item of outdoor furniture into the cavity through the opening. The body is stretchable and is configured to stretch to receive the back portion of different items of outdoor furniture with different sizes. The slip-on mounting base includes a plurality of receptacles attached to the body. Each receptacle includes an opening to receive a support arm of the sunshade. Each receptacle holds the corresponding support arm such that the shield, when unfolded, covers at least a portion of the back portion of the item of outdoor furniture.

An article for providing shade includes a sunshade and a slip-on mounting base. The sunshade includes a shield, a set of ribs connected to the shield, and a plurality of support arms connected to the shield. The slip-on mounting base includes a body that defines a cavity and an opening. The body is configured to slip on the back portion of an item of outdoor furniture into the cavity through the opening. The body is stretchable and is configured to stretch to receive the back portion of different items of outdoor furniture with different sizes. The slip-on mounting base includes a plurality of receptacles attached to the body. Each receptacle includes an opening to receive a support arm of the sunshade. Each receptacle holds the corresponding support arm such that the shield, when unfolded, covers at least a portion of the back portion of the item of outdoor furniture.

A solar module exterior disassembling apparatus for disassembling an exterior of a solar module including a module body, a frame and a junction box attached to the module body includes a positioning plate supporting one surface of the module body from below the solar module and being able to move up and down, a top contact plate over the positioning plate and in contact with the other surface of the module body when the positioning plate is moved up, frame separation blades around the top contact plate and moving in parallel with a surface of the module body between a first position inside the frame and a second position outside the frame, and a pressing actuator including pressing cylinders and pressing outward from the module body and disassembling the module body by moving forward the frame separation blades from the first position to the second position with the pressing cylinders.