An electromagnetic wave transmission apparatus of the present invention includes a transmission unit whose voltage-current characteristics have a local maximum value and a local minimum value located on a higher voltage side than the local maximum value and which transmits an electromagnetic wave indicating a modulation signal, an acquisition unit which acquires a digital signal, and a modulation unit which modulates the digital signal into the modulation signal which is a signal using voltage values of three levels or more in an oscillation region which is a voltage region that is equal to or more than a voltage of the local maximum voltage and equal to or less than a voltage of the local minimum voltage. The transmission unit preferably transmits a synchronization signal as at least a part of the modulation signal. In this case, the synchronization signal preferably includes a maximum value and a minimum value among the voltage values of three levels or more, and includes a pattern in which the voltage value transitions from one of the maximum value and the minimum value to the other.

Systems and methods for forming a mm wave resonant filter include a lithographically fabricated high Q resonant structure. The resonant structure may include a plurality of cavities, each cavity having a characteristic frequency that defines its passband. A filter may include a plurality of resonant structures, and each resonant structure may include a plurality of cavities. These cavities and filters may be fabricated lithographically.

Systems and methods for forming a mm wave resonant filter include a lithographically fabricated high Q resonant structure. The resonant structure may include a plurality of cavities, each cavity having a characteristic frequency that defines its passband. A filter may include a plurality of resonant structures, and each resonant structure may include a plurality of cavities. These cavities and filters may be fabricated lithographically.

A key based technique that targets obfuscation of critical circuit parameters of an analog circuit block by masking physical characteristics of a transistor (width and length) and the circuit parameters reliant upon these physical characteristics (i.e. circuit biasing conditions, phase noise profile, bandwidth, gain, noise figure, operating frequency, etc.). The proposed key based obfuscation technique targets the physical dimensions of the transistors used to set the optimal biasing conditions. The widths and/or lengths of a transistor are obfuscated and, based on an applied key sequence, provides a range of potential biasing points. Only when the correct key sequence is applied and certain transistor(s) are active, are the correct biasing conditions at the target node set.

A synthetic crystal oscillator enables a conventional crystal to be replaced with purely active electronic elements. Stability and performance characteristics are shown to be comparable-to-superior to a conventional crystal oscillator with side-by-side simulations. The synthetic crystal oscillator with purely active electronic elements offers cost, miniaturization and performance benefits. In some examples, the purely active electronic elements include an RLC circuit generate multiple stable concentric oscillations associated with nonlinear resonance used as an oscillator without a conventional crystalline structure coupled to the electrical circuit.

A synthetic crystal oscillator enables a conventional crystal to be replaced with purely active electronic elements. Stability and performance characteristics are shown to be comparable-to-superior to a conventional crystal oscillator with side-by-side simulations. The synthetic crystal oscillator with purely active electronic elements offers cost, miniaturization and performance benefits. In some examples, the purely active electronic elements include an RLC circuit generate multiple stable concentric oscillations associated with nonlinear resonance used as an oscillator without a conventional crystalline structure coupled to the electrical circuit.

Systems and methods for forming a compact gas sensor include using a lithographically fabricated high Q resonator coupled to at least one of a Gunn diode and an IMPATT diode. The resonator may include a plurality of cavities filled with a sample gas. A detector coupled to the resonator may measure the amplitude of the emitted mm wave radiation.

Systems and methods for forming a compact gas sensor include using a lithographically fabricated high Q resonator coupled to at least one of a Gunn diode and an IMPATT diode. The resonator may include a plurality of cavities filled with a sample gas. A detector coupled to the resonator may measure the amplitude of the emitted mm wave radiation.

An oscillator circuit that includes a voltage source, a resistor, a capacitor, and a nonlinear device. The capacitor and the nonlinear device may be coupled in parallel with one another. The resistor may be coupled in series with the capacitor and the nonlinear device. The voltage source may be coupled in series with the resistor. The voltage source may supply the oscillator circuit with a direct current input signal. The nonlinear device may include an active layer coupled to a first electrode and a second electrode. In response to the direct current input signal, the oscillator circuit may output a spike train including a spike bunch.

An oscillator circuit that includes a voltage source, a resistor, a capacitor, and a nonlinear device. The capacitor and the nonlinear device may be coupled in parallel with one another. The resistor may be coupled in series with the capacitor and the nonlinear device. The voltage source may be coupled in series with the resistor. The voltage source may supply the oscillator circuit with a direct current input signal. The nonlinear device may include an active layer coupled to a first electrode and a second electrode. In response to the direct current input signal, the oscillator circuit may output a spike train including a spike bunch.