A blood based solute monitoring system for measuring at least one blood solute species that has a first recirculation flow path in fluid communication with a dialyzer. The first recirculation flow path is configured to allow a fluid to recirculate through a dialyzer such that the concentration of at least one solute species in the fluid becomes equilibrated to the solute species concentration of the blood in a blood compartment of the dialyzer. The blood solute monitoring system has at least one sensor to measure a fluid characteristic.

A renal failure blood therapy system includes a renal failure blood therapy machine, a test including multiple blood samples taken at multiple times during a test therapy to determine concentration levels for each of a first solute and a second solute at each of the multiple times, and a device programmed to (i) estimate at least one first patient parameter using the determined concentration levels for the first solute, (ii) estimate at least one second patient parameter using the determined concentration levels for the second solute, (iii) determine a first plurality of acceptable treatments using the at least one first patient parameter, (iv) determine a second plurality of acceptable treatments using the at least one second patient parameter, and (v) merge the first plurality of acceptable treatments with the second plurality of acceptable treatments to determine a plurality of clinically acceptable treatments for both the first solute and the second solute.

Dialysis is enhanced by using nanoclay sorbents to better absorb body wastes in a flow-through system. The nanoclay sorbents, using montmorillonite, bentonite, and other clays, absorb significantly more ammonium, phosphate, and creatinine, and the like, than conventional sorbents. The montmorillonite, the bentonite, and the other clays may be used in wearable systems, in which a dialysis fluid is circulated through a filter with the nanoclay sorbents. Waste products are absorbed by the montmorillonite, the bentonite, and the other clays and the dialysis fluid is recycled to a patient's peritoneum. Using an ion-exchange capability of the montmorillonite, the bentonite, and the other clays, waste ions in the dialysis fluid are replaced with desirable ions, such as calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. The nanoclay sorbents are also useful for refreshing a dialysis fluid used in hemodialysis and thus reducing a quantity of the dialysis fluid needed for the hemodialysis.

A method, comprising: to an initial sample that has an initial concentration of urea in solution, contacting a composition comprising metal oxide nanofilaments under such conditions that at least some of the urea adsorbs to the metal oxide nanofilaments so as to give rise to a final concentration of urea in the solution A device for removing urea from an initial aqueous solution of urea, the device comprising an exchangeable cartridge of metal oxide nanofilaments composition through which the initial aqueous solution is directed to pass, the passage adapted to allow the initial aqueous urea solution to contact the metal oxide nanofilaments contained in the cartridge. Contacting a composition comprising metal oxide-based nanofilaments to an initial sample that comprises a metal ion and/or a metal under such conditions that at least some of the metal ion and/or the metal associates with the metal oxide nanofilaments.

A method for regenerating an adsorber which has a porous body and does not have an enzyme includes a dialysis step, in which the adsorber is connected to a dialysate circulation unit to cause uremic substances within a dialysate to be adsorbed onto the adsorber, and a regenerating step, in which the uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber are desorbed by regenerating water that flows in a regenerating water flow unit. A dialysis system is equipped with the dialysate circulation unit, the adsorber, which is connected to the dialysate circulation unit, and the regenerating water flow unit. The regenerating water flow unit is connectable to the adsorber.

A portable hemodialysis system is provided including a dialyzer, a closed loop blood flow path which transports blood from a patient to the dialyzer and back to the patient, and a closed loop dialysate flow path which transports dialysate through the dialyzer. In addition, the hemodialysis system includes two reservoirs which can be alternately placed in the dialysis flow path using various controllable fluid valves. The weight, and therefore the level of dialysate, of each reservoir is measured by a preferred level sensor having a strain measuring device which includes a load cell and a tilt sensor. The load cell and tilt sensor are electrically connected to a processor for sending force and tilt measurements to the processor. The processor may analyze the tilt measurements to correct for any inaccurate measurements of the load cell caused by the tilt.

The invention relates to a dialysis device that provides recirculating flow dialysis in a wearable and portable format. It uses an exchangeable purification unit holding a volume of dialysate and/or a sorbent system for the in-situ regeneration of dialysate. The invented dialysis device comprises a carrier that is mounted on a replaceable cartridge. The carrier holds the electronics, user-interface, actuators and sensors. It actuates, controls and monitors the dialysis operation. The cartridge is a replaceable part that is connected to the patient via a flexible tubing. It consists of a reusable housing with a memory chip and holds a disposable inlay containing the purification unit with fluid lines, connectors, dialysate and/or sorbents in combination with a nanofilter. The cartridge is intended for use during the day, as a wearable system. The cartridge can be enlarged with an extension set to offer more capacity. The extended cartridge is intended to be used during the night as a bedside device.

This invention relates to a dialysis apparatus which ultra-filters blood and to a related method of ultra-filtering blood ex-vivo. More preferably the invention relates to haemodiafiltration using protein-losing membranes and a secondary ultrafiltration and partial re-infusion of haemodiafiltrate for increasing extraction of middle molecules and protein bound uraemic toxins and reducing albumin loss.